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Antiviral Nanomaterials as Potential Targets for Malaria Prevention and Treatment
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Kantrol Kumar Sahu, Sunita Minz, Madhulika Pradhan, Monika Kaurav, Krishna Yadav
This technique uses a lipid phase containing lipid excipients, and the therapeutic moiety is solubilized in a volatile organic solvent. Other excipients, such as a stabilizing agent, are dissolved to make an aqueous phase. To obtain a small droplet-formed emulsion (O/W), the lipid phase is applied to the aqueous phase, followed by high-energy homogenization or sonication. Furthermore, the organic solvent is removed by evaporation or decreased pressure. This process subsequently results in the formation of lipid NPs. Ethyl acetate is an extensively used organic solvent because it offers better toxicological profile as compared to earlier used solvents, such as dichloromethane and chloroform (Pradhan et al. 2017, 2020). The NPs are washed repeatedly with distilled water by ultracentrifugation, and then the pellets of lipid NPs are collected. The physico-chemical properties of prepared nanoparticles are influenced by experimental parameters, such as processing temperature, solvent-evaporation method, aqueous-phase length, surfactant quantity, and polymer-molecular weight (Pradhan et al. 2016b). This is well suited for lipophilic and thermolabile drugs because this technique does not involve thermal stress. However, this method has limitations, such as time consumption and coalescence during the solvent evaporation (Singh et al. 2016).
Cenostigma pyramidale: Ethnomedicinal Properties and Perspectives on A Legume Tree Highly Adapted to Semiarid ‘Caatinga’ Region
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Livia Maria Batista Vilela, Carlos André dos Santos-Silva, Ricardo Salas Roldan Filho, Silvany de Sousa Araújo, José Ribamar Costa Ferreira-Neto, Wilson Dias de Oliveira, Lidiane Lindinalva Barbosa Amorim, Valesca Pandolfi, Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon
Lima et al. (2019) studied the hydroalcoholic extract of C. pyramidale leaves by means of the bioassay with Artemia salina. The concentrations tested (1000 µg/ml; 750 µg/ml; 500 µg/ml; 250 µg/ml; 100 µg/ml and 50 µg/ml) were nontoxic, and presented a high Average Lethal Dose (LC50 = 1442.8433 µg/ml). In another study performing the same test, Oliveira (2010) described the toxicity according to the polarity of the extracts. For this, the authors recovered four phases from the root bark of C. pyramidale: hexanic, ethyl acetate, methanolic, and butanolic. The obtained fractions were tested on A. salina at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 µg/ml. After 24 hours incubation, some of the fractions presented cytotoxic activity. The ethyl acetate phase showed higher toxicity followed by the methanolic phase (LC50 of 149.12 and 193.98 µg/ml, respectively). In turn, the butanolic phase presented LC50 of 228.97 µg/ml, the lowest in relation to the polar phases. For the hexane phase, the LC50 was 535.55 µg/ml, considered nontoxic at the tested concentrations. Thus, in ascending order of cytotoxicity, we have the phases: ethyl acetate > methanolic > butanolic > hexanic.
Nanosuspensions as Nanomedicine: Current Status and Future Prospects
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Sanjay Kumar Bharti, Medicinal Chemistry with Pharmaceutical Product Development, 2019
Shobha Ubgade, Vaishali Kilor, Abhay Ittadwar, Alok Ubgade
Initially, organic solvents such as methylene chloride and chloroform were used [31]. However, environmental hazards and human safety concerns about residual solvents have limited their use in routine manufacturing processes. Relatively safer solvents such as ethyl acetate and ethyl formate can still be considered for use [32]. Another method uses water or partially water-miscible solvents such as butyl lactate, benzyl alcohol, and triacetin as the dispersed phase instead of hazardous solvents [33]. Emulsion is formed by conventional method and dilution of the emulsion produces drug nanosuspension. Dilution of the emulsion with water causes complete diffusion of internal phase into the external phase, leading to the formation of a nanosuspension immediately. The prepared nanosuspension is then separated from internal phase and surfactants for suitable administration. Different separation techniques like diultrafiltration, centrifugation, ultracentrifugation can be used depending upon the concentration of formulation ingredients and desired route of administration.
Stem Hexane Extract of Strobilanthes crispus Induces Apoptosis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Line
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Norasyidah Gordani, Bo Eng Cheong, Peik Lin Teoh
The plants were grown by the herbal supplier in Kota Kinabalu and were verified by a botanist from Universiti Malaysia Sabah (Voucher no. ACSC 001/2013). The plants were washed and dried before the leaves and stem were separated. They were freeze-dried separately and kept in −20 °C. The extraction of bioactive compounds was done using the method described in Ozsoy et al. (16) with modification. A total of 12 g plant powder was first extracted in 300 mL of methanol for 13 h. After that, the extract was concentrated at 40 °C in a rotary evaporator then freeze-dried. Liquid-liquid partitioning was performed according to the method described by Chen et al. (17). The dried extract was dissolved in distilled water (1:25) then mixed with an equal volume of hexane. Then, the water fraction was mixed with an equal volume of chloroform. The same procedure was performed using ethyl acetate. The partitioned extracts were freeze-dried and stored in −80 °C for further use.
SMEDDS for improved oral bioavailability and anti-hyperuricemic activity of licochalcone A
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Zhongan Zhu, Jing Liu, Yuhang Yang, Michael Adu-Frimpong, Hao Ji, Elmurat Toreniyazov, Qilong Wang, Jiangnan Yu, Ximing Xu
LCA (98% purity) was bought from Nanjing Spring Biological Co. LTD. Chromatographic-grade methanol was obtained from Tedia. Company, Inc., (Fairfield, USA). Double-distilled water (DDW) was made by Millipore water purifying system (Millipore Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA). Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were bought from Sinopharm Chem, Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Ethyl acetate was of analytical grade and was provided by Chengdu Kelong Chemical Co. Ltd. (Sichuan, China). Potassium oxazine, uric acid standard, allopurinol, and xanthine oxidase were obtained from Aladdin Industrial Corp., (Shanghai, China). The excipients used as potential components of SMEDDS included oils (Ethyl oleate, Oleic acid, IPM, Castor oil, Mineral oil), surfactants (Tween 20, Tween 60, Tween 80, Span 80, OP-10, and Cremophor EL 35), and cosurfactants (PEG 200, PEG 400, n-Butanol, and 1,2-Propanediol) which were supplied by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., (Shanghai, China). Other chemicals reagents were commercially obtained and were of analytical grade.
Phenolic Extraction of Moringa Oleifera Leaves Induces Caspase-Dependent and Caspase-Independent Apoptosis through the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and the Activation of Intrinsic Mitochondrial Pathway in Human Melanoma Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Bich Hang Do, Nghia Son Hoang, Thi Phuong Thao Nguyen, Nguyen Quynh Chi Ho, Thanh Long Le, Chinh Chung Doan
In this study, we successfully isolated the fraction contains high amounts of phenolic compounds from the leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. using ethyl acetate solvent. The MO-EA exerted cytotoxicity to human melanoma cells (A375 cells and A2058 cells) in a dose-dependent manner without apparent cytotoxic effects on normal human fibroblasts (WS1 cells and NHDF cells). The anti-proliferation was supposed to be mediated via apoptosis by increasing mitochondrial ROS and pro-apoptotic/anti-apoptotic balance of Bax/Bcl-2 while decreasing ΔΨm. The mechanism of cell death involved in both Caspase-dependent pathway through activation of Caspase-9 and Caspase-3/7 and through Caspase-independent pathway via AIF translocation. These results suggested that ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves possessed high anticancer property against skin cancer cells. The study suggested a promising treatment therapy for skin cancer by using Moringa oleifera leaves in combination with current therapies to increase the efficiency and reduce the side effects. Further studies to screen the anticancer capability of various active constituents are required. Additionally, in vivo tests are necessary to confirm the anticancer activity of ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves.