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Other Reactions from Gloves
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
T. Bullock, A. Sood, J.S. Taylor
Ethylene oxide (ETO) was first used as a sterilizing agent for medical supplies in 1962. It has now become the most widely used gaseous sterilization agent in the world.112,113 The ability of ETO to sterilize depends on its alkylating properties and irreversible bactericidal effect on cell metabolism. Over the years it has been used to sterilize several reusable medical supplies susceptible to heat, such as those made of plastic and rubber, in which ETO is soluble and retained in large amounts after sterilization. Chemical ETO treatment is very useful for sterilizing gloves in forensic science due to its ability to destroy contaminating DNA from saliva, blood, and skin cells. Treatment with chemical ETO was shown to be superior to gamma irradiation and electron beam treatment in reducing the amount of PCR-amplifiable DNA.114 Hazards associated with inadequate aeration of ETO-sterilized devices and equipment include cutaneous burns (e.g., from rubber gloves), tracheal inflammation (e.g., endotracheal tubes), hemolysis (e.g., from plastic tubing), and anaphylaxis (e.g., plastic and rubber tubing used for hemodialysis). 26,115,116 Adequate aeration of the devices is therefore imperative to ensure that all ETO residues are eliminated.26–28,117
Applications of Marine Biochemical Pathways to Develop Bioactive and Functional Products
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Toni-Ann Benjamin, Imran Ahmad, Muhammad Bilal Sadiq
Plastic materials are cheap, lightweight, and adaptable in many food industry sectors, from storing frozen products to microwaveable meals. However, many of them are made from, or contain, petrochemicals (i.e., ethylene) that can be linked to causing acute adverse health effects, such as coughing, dizziness, or shortness of breath (Kongtip, 2013). In addition, the toxins from plastic can negatively impact the marine environment, such as contributing to the spread of invasive microorganisms and bacteria (IUCN, 2018). Furthermore, marine wildlife can suffer from mistaking the plastic debris for prey and either suffer from lacerations or die from starvation.
Anesthesia and analgesia and the curse of Eve
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
Ethylene, a gas first prepared by Becher in 1669, was reintroduced by Luckhardt and Carter of Chicago in 1923. It was widely used in obstetrics in America but was a highly explosive gas and was replaced by safer products. Cyclopropane, an expensive gas used in a completely closed-circuit apparatus, was also employed in obstetric analgesia. It was first prepared by the chemist Freund in 1882 and was introduced into clinical anesthesia in 1933. Trichlorethylene (Trilene), introduced in 1934, and methoxyflurane (Pentrane), first used in 1959, were both popular for a while.
Treating ethylene glycol poisoning with alcohol dehydrogenase inhibition, but without extracorporeal treatments: a systematic review
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Jessie Beaulieu, Darren M. Roberts, Sophie Gosselin, Robert S. Hoffman, Valery Lavergne, Knut Erik Hovda, Bruno Megarbane, Derrick Lung, Ruben Thanacoody, Marc Ghannoum
After removal of duplicates, unrelated publications, and exclusions, 96 articles were included in the final analysis (Figure 1), including 14 cohorts with case-level data (authors provided individual case data when these were not reported in the article) [2,6,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53], 82 case reports/case series [5,9,54–133]. A total of 411 cases were included, 347 of which were confirmed quantitatively by the presence of ethylene glycol in blood. The demographics, details of the poisoning, laboratory values and outcomes of included cases are presented in Table 1. When reported, all exposures were acute and all patients ingested ethylene glycol, except two who injected it subcutaneously [113]. One article [48] described a single patient admitted 154 times for ethylene glycol poisoning who received fomepizole monotherapy 63 times and ethanol monotherapy 16 times; case-level data were obtained. No comparative studies or randomized trials were identified. Nineteen cohorts containing no case-level data were excluded from analyses but are discussed [114,134–151].
Characterization of the association between cigarette smoking intensity and urinary concentrations of 2-hydroxyethyl mercapturic acid among exclusive cigarette smokers in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2016
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Brandon M. Kenwood, Caitlyn McLoughlin, Luyu Zhang, Wanzhe Zhu, Deepak Bhandari, Víctor R. De Jesús, Benjamin C. Blount
Characterizing the associations between 2HEMA and cigarette smoking is critical for determining the utility of 2HEMA for assessing ethylene oxide exposure related to industrial applications such as medical equipment sterilization. Despite the limitations of this study, this report provides public health researchers a recent and comprehensive population-based assessment of 2HEMA concentrations in the U.S. population, and is the most thorough characterization of the association between 2HEMA and cigarette smoke exposure to date. Ethylene oxide exposure assessments may require rapid response studies of large numbers of potentially exposed people. Such studies could benefit by measuring urinary 2HEMA to understand recent ethylene oxide exposure, as urinary 2HEMA concentrations return to baseline levels within three days (Carmella et al.2009) compared with measuring stable ethylene oxide haemoglobin adducts, which have a biological half-life dependent on erythrocyte lifespan and reflects exposure over the preceding four months (Kautiainen and Törnqvist 1991, Bono et al.2005, Yang et al.2018). This analysis demonstrates that cigarette smoking is associated with higher urinary 2HEMA concentrations and thus could confound long-term and rapid response biomonitoring studies of exposure to other 2HEMA parent chemicals.
Patent evaluation of WO2019209182 (A1) 2019-10-31 (Conjugated Oligoelectrolytes as Antimicrobial Agents)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2020
The reported preparations of the claimed compounds count on a straightforward synthesis and simple purification procedures (Figure 2). The synthetic routes for COE-D4, COE-D6, COE-D8, COE-D62N, and COE-D82N start with the preparation, applying previously reported procedures, of the (E)-4,4ʹ-(ethene-1,2-diyl)diphenol 2 [43]. The diol was then converted in the (E)-1,2-bis(4-(3-iodoalkoxy)phenyl)ethene 3–5 by treatment with a large excess of the proper α,ω-diiodoalkane in order to minimize polymerization reactions. These neutral precursors were purified by simple chloroform/water extraction and precipitation from acetone. Finally, the target COE-Ds were obtained by nucleophilic substitution of the iodine precursor with either trimethylamine or N1,N1,N2,N2-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine followed by simple solvent removal under reduced pressure.