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Manufacture of Glycerine from Petrochemical and Carbohydrate Raw Materials
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
This route was used by FMC Corporation at Bayport, Texas between 1969 and 1982 (Fig. 4.6). Obviously, the location was selected mainly because of the indirect availability of low cost Gulf coast propylene for propylene oxide manufacture (available from the adjacent Oxirane Corporation plant at Bayport). FMC Corporation’s integrated program involved a plant to produce peracetic acid from acetaldehyde (available from Celanese Corp. of America Chemical Division Bayport facility) and an associated plant to use peracetic acid to produce epoxidized soybean oil. Some new international synthetic glycerol plants employ the basic three-step scheme.
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Anti-Tumor Drug Delivery
Published in Mansoor M. Amiji, Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
Ho Lun Wong, Yongqiang Li, Reina Bendayan, Mike Andrew Rauth, Xiao Yu Wu
Another feasible approach to encapsulate anthracycline salts is to prepare PLN instead. With the inclusion of dextran sulfate to provide counterions, PLN of doxorubicin hydrochloride were successfully prepared.55 The encapsulation efficiency of doxorubicin in the PLN, depending on the drug payload, was generally over 70% in the presence of dextran sulfate versus approximately 40% in its absence. More recently, another doxorubicin-loaded PLN formulation that used a more lipophilic HPESO polymer (hydrolyzed and polymerized epoxidized soybean oil) was formulated.10 Payload over 6% was achieved. The drug releases from both PLN formulations were fast compared to ion pair-based SLN (see Figure 36.10). The lower drug encapsulation efficiency and faster drug release compared to the ion pair-based SLN indicate that unlike ion pair formation, the drug–polymer complexation probably does not completely neutralize all of the charges on the polymer molecules. These residual charges might help draw the water molecules into the lipid matrix to accelerate its disintegration, and they may lead to faster and more complete drug release from the nanoparticles. If this will lead to more effective cancer therapy still requires further investigations.
Exploring the transformability of polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles and nanomaterial-biology interplay to facilitate tumor penetration, cellular uptake and intracellular targeting of anticancer drugs
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Mohammad Ali Amini, Taksim Ahmed, Fuh-Ching Franky Liu, Azhar Z. Abbasi, Chesarahmia Dojo Soeandy, Rui Xue Zhang, Preethy Prashad, Carolyn L. Cummins, Andrew M. Rauth, Jeffrey T. Henderson, Xiao Yu Wu
DOX-HCl was purchased from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA). Ethyl arachidate was purchased from TCI, Tokyo, Japan, and polyoxyethylene (100) stearate (Myrj® 59) from Spectrum Chemicals MFG Corp, Gardena, CA, USA. Nonionic block copolymer, Pluronic® F-68 (PF68) was a generous gift from BASF Corp. (Florham Park, NJ, USA). Hydrolyzed polymer of epoxidized soybean oil (HPESO) was synthesized using a published protocol with some modifications [44,45]. Poly(ethylene glycol)-coated (PEGylated) liposomal DOX (Caelyx®) was purchased from the pharmacy at the Princess Margaret Hospital (Toronto, ON, Canada). Cell culture medium α-modified minimal essential medium (α-MEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Gibco™ (Waltham, MA, USA). Myristic acid, stearic acid, polyoxyethylene (40) stearate (Myrj® 52) and all chemicals, unless otherwise stated, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Canada (Oakville, ON, Canada) and used without further purification.
Peer review of a cancer weight of evidence assessment based on updated toxicokinetics, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity data for 1,3-dichloropropene using a blinded, virtual panel of experts
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2020
Sean M. Hays, Dawn M. Nelson, Christopher R. Kirman
In the late 1980s, researchers discovered that a stabilizing agent in the older/antiquated forms of 1,3-D, epichlorohydrin, a known mutagen and carcinogen, was likely responsible for the positive NTP cancer bioassay results rather than 1,3-D. Epichlorohydrin was replaced with epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) in the contemporary forms of 1,3-D and has since shown, with new research data, a different toxicity/carcinogenicity profile for 1,3-D.
Weight of evidence analysis of the tumorigenic potential of 1,3-dichloropropene supports a threshold-based risk assessment
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2020
Zhongyu (June) Yan, Michael Bartels, Bhaskar Gollapudi, Jeffrey Driver, Matthew Himmelstein, Sean Gehen, Daland Juberg, Ian van Wesenbeeck, Claire Terry, Reza Rasoulpour
Commercial 1,3-D sources have used epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) as the stabilizer since the early 1980s. Besides the two non-relevant NTP studies, four relevant oral cancer bioassays tested the modern form of 1,3-D using ESO as the stabilizer and were conducted in compliance with GLP and modern study guidelines. Of the four studies, two Kelly studies, referenced as Kelly 1997 and 1998 in the Draft Assessment Report (DAR) (Spain 2018) have not yet been reviewed in other geographies and their results were not considered in the current tumorigenicity profile of 1,3-D by US EPA (US EPA 2008). In addition to the two newer cancer bioassays conducted via the oral route, a newly conducted Big Blue study in rats via the oral route (Badding et al. 2020) and a recently conducted repeat dose inhalation kinetic study via the inhalation route (Bartels et al. 2020) are included in the weight of evidence (WoE) analysis. Boobis et al. (2016) called for a revisitation of how cancer classification is conducted and ultimately determined, and more recently additional attention (Cohen et al. 2019; Doe et al. 2019; Wolf et al. 2019) has called for the need to evaluate and understand cancer based on current scientific knowledge. The purpose of this review is to provide the scientific community with insight into this large body of both existing studies and newly available data pertinent to 1,3-D’s tumorigenic profile, coupled with toxicokinetic (TK) and genotoxicity information to enable an independent evaluation of 1,3-D’s carcinogenic potential and accompanying approaches to risk assessment. Many of the studies discussed in this review have been published. In addition, almost all mammalian toxicological studies were presented and summarized in detail in the European Union DAR (Spain 2018). For completeness and transparency purposes, references for each study discussed in this review will include the original report author(s) and year, data point in the EU DAR as well as publication citation when available.