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Cockroach and other inhalant insect allergens
Published in Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2020
Common insecticides in bait products include, among others, abamectin, boric acid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, emamectin benzoate, fipronil, hydramethylnon, indoxacarb, and pyriproxyfen. The availability of effective baits has revolutionized cockroach control and dramatically increased the effectiveness of interventions and allergen reduction. Cockroach population reductions of 95%–100% are common when baits are properly deployed and multiple sticky traps are used during the intervention to guide bait placement, determine amount, assess efficacy, and steer further actions [10,110,112]. Although baits have been shown to be highly effective, and cockroach control alone can significantly reduce cockroach allergens in infested homes [110,113], an integrated intervention should include cleaning, vacuuming, making repairs to eliminate water and hiding places, and improving sanitation (Table 15.4). The extent of cockroach allergen stability and allergen persistence in the environment following cockroach eradication measures is unknown, so thorough cleaning and vacuuming are especially recommended after cockroaches have been eliminated to remove cockroach allergen found in feces, cast cuticles, and body parts from the environment.
Intentional avermectin pesticide ingestion: a retrospective multicenter study
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Yi-Kan Wu, Chia-Hau Chang, Jiun-Hao Yu, Kai-Ping Lan, Tzung-Hai Yen, Shu-Sen Chang, Chen-June Seak, Hsing-Yuan Chang, Hsien-Yi Chen
Avermectins are macrocyclic lactones, produced naturally through fermentation of Streptomyces avermitilis [6]. They are commonly used as antiparasitics, pesticides, and acaricides. Avermectins can interact with invertebrate glutamate-gated chloride channels and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, causing paralysis and death [7,8]. Mammals are less susceptible because of the protection afforded by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) [7,9]. Ivermectin was the first commercialized avermectin used for the treatment of parasitic infections. It has been widely administered in Africa to treat millions of onchocerciasis patients [10]. Other derivatives, including abamectin and emamectin, were later commercialized as pesticides or acaricides, or as antiparasitics for pets [11].
Is the 90-day dog study necessary for pesticide toxicity testing?
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2023
Patricia L. Bishop, Vicki L. Dellarco, Douglas C. Wolf
To evaluate the impact on human health protection without the 90-day dog study in the data package, MOEs and cases of potential risk (MOEs below the LOC) were examined for the 40 pesticides where the dog study was used in non-dietary RA. For the majority of human exposure scenarios, estimated doses were very low, corresponding MOEs were very high, and there were no cases of risk concern identified. The LOCs for nearly all were 100, although two had an additional uncertainty factor of 10. When the lowest MOEs based on the dog NOAEL and NLN were compared (Table 4), there were six pesticides for which the NLN produced a much less protective MOE: fluoxastrobin, valifenalate, flucarbazone-sodium, iodosulfuron-methyl sodium, pyrimisulfan, and sulfosulfuron although of these only fluoxastrobin had cases of potential risk identified in the RA. Without the dog study, MOEs based on the NLN would have remained above the LOC and missed potential non-dietary risks identified by the dog study for fluoxastrobin in nine exposure scenarios under baseline conditions, i.e. personal protective equipment (PPE) of a long-sleeve shirt, long pants, shoes, and socks without gloves or respirator. An additional pesticide, emamectin benzoate, had one case of risk missed without the dog study, also under baseline conditions, but HEDs of the dog NOAEL and NLN were comparable (Table 3), indicating that the dog was not more sensitive than the rat. For the other five pesticides with identified risk concerns (dimethomorph, dimethenamid-P, thiencarbazone-methyl, flupyradifurone, and spinetoram/spinosad) using the NLN from another study in place of the dog study would have addressed some or all the risks.
Effect of a beta-cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate pesticide mixture on reproductive toxicity in male mice in a greenhouse environment
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
Yuanyuan Zhang, Chang Kong, Huimin Chi, Junxia Li, Jie Xing, Fei Wang, Lijun Shao, Qingfeng Zhai
Reduced glutathione (GSH) plays a pivotal role in cellular defense against free radicals through the scavenging of ROS and detoxification of xenobiotics (Arafa et al. 2015). The depletion of glutathione and inhibition of antioxidant enzymes indicate that cellular defense mechanisms in intoxicated animals fail to protect against the overproduction of ROS (Luan et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2017). It is known that CYP can induce oxidative stress and as a hydrophobic compound may accumulate in cell membranes and disturb membrane structure (Wang et al. 2009). The toxic effects of beta-CYP may be mediated by increasing oxidative stress as it increased MDA and nitric oxide in testes and reduced the activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PXPx), and superoxide dismutase (Wang et al. 2009). The toxic effects of the emamectin on mice included oxidative stress, DNA fragmentation and regulation of the transcriptional expression of proteins involved in the metabolism, distribution and elimination of endobiotics and xenobiotics (Abou-Zeid et al. 2017). However, previous research on emamectin was mainly focused on the effects of the salt on the kidney, brain, and the liver (Elsa and Galal 2015; Abou-Zeid et al. 2017), which indicated that emamectin could induce oxidative stress. Our findings demonstrated that after exposure to the pesticide mixture for 35 days, the testicular malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in mice were significantly elevated while the testicular GSH content was significantly reduced. Furthermore, the activities of SOD observed here suggest their depletion in neutralizing the pesticide mixture-induced ROS generation. LDH is associated with the maturation of spermatogenic cells, testes and spermatozoa and the energy metabolism of spermatozoa. ACP is one of the markers of dyszoospermia, which is associated with the denaturation of seminiferous epithelium and phagocytosis of Sertoli cells (Yang et al. 2010). ACP also plays a pivotal role in the transport of metabolites across membranes. Therefore, the enhancement of ACP levels indicated that hemocyte damage was due to the disruption of membrane permeability and integrity (Dey et al. 2016; Hong et al. 2017). Our results showed that the LDH and ACP activities were increased with pesticide mixture exposure. These findings indicate that the pesticide mixture could induce mutagenicity of the germ cells, and the sperm number and activity were significantly reduced with the pesticide mixture treatment.