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Introduction: Background Material
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
Section 1.4 is concerned with some basic concepts on diffusion, fluxes, and potentials. The concept of chemical potential is explained and the expression for chemical potential derived. The concept of chemical potential and its expression are then generalized to those of electrochemical potential, and some important conclusions involving electrochemical potential are drawn. The definition of permeability and its relation to diffusion are considered.
Hair Styling/Fixative Products
Published in Dale H. Johnson, Hair and Hair Care, 2018
Joseph A. Dallal, Colleen M. Rocafort
As inhibitors are used, the electrochemical potential on the surface of the can changes. While inhibitors may reduce the overall corrosion rate, they may shift the electrochemical conditions of the product such that stress corrosion cracking or pitting may occur (39).
Biosensors for the detection of mycotoxins
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Akansha Shrivastava, Rakesh Kumar Sharma
The impedimetric transduction detection method is used for the detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria and their toxins. It measures the changes in impedance caused by the binding of the analyte to ligands immobilized on the electrode surface. It involves the application of electrochemical potential or the current pertaining wide range of frequencies while measuring the sample. A label-free impedimetric immunosensor was developed, which consisted of polyaniline nanofibers coated with AuNPs in indium tin oxide disk electrodes. It improved the detection efficiency of AFB1 in spiked corn. Aptamers-induced biosensors are the growing alternative in mycotoxin detection (Moran et al. 2016). Some recent electrochemical based impedimetric biosensor have been successfully tested for AFB1 in spiked corn samples (Yagati et al. 2018), OTA in grapes and red wine (Nan et al. 2019), AFM1 in milk (Karczmarczyk et al. 2017a), and patulin in apple juice (R. Khan et al.2019).
From laboratory tests to field trials: a review of cathodic protection and microbially influenced corrosion
Published in Biofouling, 2022
A. A. Thompson, J. L. Wood, E. A. Palombo, W. K. Green, S. A. Wade
CP is a corrosion mitigation strategy commonly used on metallic structures that are regularly immersed in a conductive environment (electrolyte). As stated in AS 2832.3 (2005) ‘Metals may be protected from corrosion by the application of direct current to lower and maintain the potential of the metal sufficiently negative with respect to the environment’. CP consists of passing a positive electrical current onto the metal from an electrode while immersed or buried in the conductive environment. This flow of current is facilitated by connecting the metal to the negative terminal of a source of electrical potential and the electrode to the positive terminal. The electrochemical potential of the metal is made more negative, thus it then becomes the cathode and the electrode an anode as the current (ionic) flows through the electrolyte. The anodic (corrosive) current of the metal is reduced, and in principle, if the applied potential is sufficiently large, the anodic current is reversed (Bu and Ao 2017).
Differential mitochondrial genome in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Published in Autoimmunity, 2021
Kumar Sagar Jaiswal, Shweta Khanna, Arup Ghosh, Prasanta Padhan, Sunil Kumar Raghav, Bhawna Gupta
The respiratory chain along with the Kreb’s cycle, creates an electrochemical gradient that powers the ATP synthase (complex V) to catalyse the synthesis of ATP molecules, couples the transfer of electrons to oxygen and finally transports protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the inter-membrane space. The electrochemical potential is harnessed for additional crucial mitochondrial functions, such as buffering the signalling ion Ca2+ through uptake by a uniporter in the inner membrane. A reduction in the electrochemical potential of mitochondria in cells has evolved as a read-out for mitochondrial functional status, which creates signals to activate pathways that repair and/or eliminate defective mitochondria. Apart from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), mitochondria maintain cytosolic calcium concentration, regulate apoptosis and holds important biochemical processes including TCA cycle and parts of urea cycle [1]. Being an important player in cells, any alteration in mitochondria may contribute to various diseases [55].