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Phytosomes: Preparations, Characterization, and Future Uses
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Palakdeep Kaur, Uttam Kumar Mandal
Conventional oral medications like tablets, capsules, and liquid preparations including liquid orals, suspension, and emulsion are widely acceptable dosage forms to patients due to their ease of administration and manufacturability. However, many a time, these dosage forms suffer from their inherent biopharmaceutical features like low gastrointestinal absorption, chemical instability in variable pH environment of gastrointestinal tract, low therapeutic index, short half-life, poor aqueous solubility, and others. The concept of designing novel drug delivery system (NDDS) has emerged to overcome or address these problems. NDDS results in a new life of an existing drug molecule, i.e., older drug molecule in newer clothes, and thereby increasing market value, and competitiveness (Bhagwat and Vaidhya, 2013). Among various advantages, some important ones are mentioned below (Malaterre et al., 2009): Simplified drug administration protocols;Smaller dose size compared to conventional dosage regimen for producing desire effects;Increased efficacy and therapeutic index (Saraf, 2010);Improved bioavailability;Ability of drug targeting by coupling with site specific ligands.
Phytoconstituent-Loaded Nanomedicines for Arthritis Management
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Syed Salman Ali, Snigdha Bhardwaj, Najam Ali Khan, Syed Sarim Imam, Chandra Kala
Drug designing using herbals at the nanoscale has been investigated and they offer several advantages to modify properties (solubility, release profile, penetration, bioavailability, etc.), that facilitates the development of suitable administration route with minimal toxicity, less side effects and improved biodistribution pattern of drug candidate to target site (receptor present on cell surface, lipid components of cell, proteins on cell, etc.). The nanostructures system consists of self-assembly, micellar structure which are formed from building blocks. Drug targeting is divided into active and passive targeting. In active targeting the moieties (such as protein, peptide, and antibody) serves as an anchor between delivery system and receptor at specific site, after being adhered to drug delivery system. Whereas in passive targeting, formed drug carrier complex, circulating via bloodstream is taken to target site by affinity (such as pH, temperature, site, etc.) (Jayanta et al., 2018).
Nanomedicine(s) under the Microscope *
Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Many of the first-generation nanomedicines (Tables 13.1 and 13.2) were designed with the aims of (i) drug targeting to a diseased organ, cell, intracellular compartment (e.g., nucleus, cytosol) or recently even a subcompartment in an organelle, targeting of drug away from potential sites of toxicity (i.e., to achieve an optimal therapeutic index) and/or (ii) delivery at the required concentration and duration to maximize pharmacological benefit and minimize nonspecific toxicity. The most sophisticated systems combined both enhanced site specificity and local controlled release of the bioactive agent. Moreover, those antibodies developed to carry radioactivity for therapeutic purposes (e.g., Zevalin and Bexxar) can be viewed as the first theranostics as they enable diagnosis and therapy. Such radiolabeled antibodies illustrate well the limitations of receptor-mediated targeting in the clinical setting as typically only 0.001–0.01% of the dose localizes to the tumor in patients [17]. This raises the question, if >99% of the dose does not localize to the target, is this “targeting”?
Utilization of a nanostructured lipid carrier encapsulating pitavastatin–Pinus densiflora oil for enhancing cytotoxicity against the gingival carcinoma HGF-1 cell line
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Raed I. Felimban, Hossam H. Tayeb, Adeel G Chaudhary, Majed A. Felemban, Fuad H. Alnadwi, Sarah A. Ali, Jazia A. Alblowi, Eman ALfayez, Deena Bukhary, Mohammed Alissa, Safa H. Qahl
Recently, nanotechnology applications were extensively investigated for either active or passive drug targeting by many administration routes (Elkomy et al., 2021; Alhakamy et al., 2022; Hussein et al., 2022; Salem et al., 2022). Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) emerged as a new generation of lipid nanoparticles with fewer weaknesses than the first-generation nanoparticles, known as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) (Xing et al., 2018; Chauhan et al., 2020). NLCs are manufactured using liquid and solid lipids that are characterized as biodegradable and compatible (López-García & Ganem-Rondero, 2015). The incorporation of oils in NLCs leads to structural defects in the solid lipids that result in a randomly arranged crystalline structure of the lipids; this precludes drug leakage and promotes drug entrapment in the carrier (Jain et al., 2017). Currently, NLCs have received a great deal of researchers’ attention as a good substitute for lipids, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and nanovesicles (Jaiswal et al., 2016). NLCs were exploited as an auspicious delivery system via different routes for various purposes, such as chemotherapy, gene therapy, brain targeting, and food preservation (Naseri et al., 2015). The advantages of NLCs include their abilities to entrap lipophilic and hydrophilic dugs, to control drug release, and to enhance drug stability and the fact that organic solvents are not necessarily needed in their formulations (Kaur et al., 2015).
Monoclonal antibody as a targeting mediator for nanoparticle targeted delivery system for lung cancer
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Nasrul Wathoni, Lisa Efriani Puluhulawa, I Made Joni, Muchtaridi Muchtaridi, Ahmed Fouad Abdelwahab Mohammed, Khaled M. Elamin, Tiana Milanda, Dolih Gozali
Monoclonal antibodies are currently being used extensively to deliver nanoparticles to multiple antigens on the surface of cancer cells. This antigen is what distinguishes cancerous cells from healthy ones, because their expression is higher in cancer cells, drug-targeting therapies can take advantage of this. Due to enhanced drug targeting, the systemic toxicity of the drug treatment is reduced by conjugating monoclonal antibodies to the nanoparticles (Trail & Bianchi, 1999; Adams & Weiner, 2005). Generally, different receptor expressions were found in cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies are aimed solely to target receptors such as the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, EpCAM receptor, NSE receptor, and other receptors that are abundantly expressed in lung cancer (Tseng et al., 2007; Wang & Zhou, 2015; Chen et al., 2021). Unfortunately, it has a major drawback, including fast clearance from circulation, which results in a short half-life and renders the dosage ineffective. As a result, monoclonal antibodies are still synthesized in nanoparticles to improve their targeting ability and reduce their disadvantages (Silvestre et al., 2020).
Lymphatic targeting for therapeutic application using nanoparticulate systems
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Nidhi Singh, Mayank Handa, Vanshikha Singh, Prashant Kesharwani, Rahul Shukla
Ligand of targeting nature may be monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and fragments of antibody or ligands of non-antibody that may be peptide in nature or not. These overall can be coined as the ligand-targeted medicaments. In simple term active targeting is the carrier mediated drug targeting system. Active targeting system can be achieved mainly by altering the surface property of drug carriers such as nanoparticles and liposome by coating with macromolecules or surfactants [29], incorporating magnetite particles over the surface of nanocarrier system [30], surface charge modification by using various positively and negatively charged polymer and amongst these, the best approach is the attachment of site-specific ligands onto the surface of the nanocarriers system. He and co-workers formulated calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles within size of 58 nm and +28.6 mV of zeta potential. These formulated nanoparticles are surface decorated with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for targeting VEGF-C. The surface decorated exhibits high transfection efficiency on SGC-7901 gastric cancer cell line when compared with CaCO3 nanoparticles. Yan and co-workers formulated LyP-1 conjugated liposome for lymphatic targeting of metastatic tumours. LyP-1 mediated nanoparticles exhibit rapid uptake from tumour metastatic lymph nodes when administered via intramuscular and subcutaneous injection. These LyP-1 mediated nanoparticles effectively inhibit metastasis of lymph node.