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Optical Nanoprobes for Diagnosis
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
R. G. Aswathy, D. Sakthi Kumar
The cellular uptake of SWCNTs in macrophage-like cells based on the intrinsic NIRF signal was studied [151]. In one study, semiconducting SWCNTs were conjugated to antibodies, specific for various cell surface markers and employed as NIRF probes for selectively targeting cell surface receptors and imaging [152] (Figure 7.9). Passive or nonspecific phagocytic cellular uptake of SWCNTs has also been demonstrated. In another work, real-time NIR photoluminescence was used to demonstrate endocytosis and exocytosis of SWCNTs in NIH-3T3 cells [153]. Although the reports on SWCNTs as suitable NIRF tags for biological imaging, the aqueous SWCNTs suspensions were sensitive to physiological and environmental settings, including pH, concentration, and salinity. It was overcome by developing SWCNTs suspended in sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) with poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) to entrap the SWCNT—SDBS micelles developed. The nanoconstruct was stable in various pH ranges and exhibited steady luminescent [154]. The stable nano-suspensions were detected in human embryonic kidney cells. Biocompatible PEGylated SWCNTs conjugated with antibodies as NIR fluorescent probes for targeted cell imaging were developed [155]. Cells were treated with SWCNT-antibody conjugate and NIR fluorescence images of HER2/neu positive BT-474 exhibited SWCNTs photoluminescence signals, compared to HER2 negative MCF-7 cells suggested the selective intake of SWCNTs in cancer cells.
Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
At higher concentrations, alpha-damascone is a potent sensitizer. In thirty patients with malignant tumors (and probably lowered immunity), 30% alpha-damascone in purified lanolin with sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate as the adjuvant was applied in a patch test unit to the surface of the inner upper arm for 2 days. Two weeks later, alpha-damascone 3% in petrolatum was applied to the other arm and 8/30 (27%) were found to be sensitized. Of 3 healthy volunteers tested in the same manner, all became allergic to alpha-damascone (7). One of these authors ten years later reported that ‘Damascone’ was found to sensitize volunteers by patch testing; data on the number of volunteers, percentage sensitized, test concentration and vehicle were not provided (4).
Cleansing of Hair
Published in Dale H. Johnson, Hair and Hair Care, 2018
d. Alkylbenzene Sulfonates. These surfactants are prepared by sulfonation of an alkyl benzene with sulfur trioxide or sulfuric acid (176). The most commonly used alkylbenzene sulfonate in shampoo is TEA-dodecylbenzene sulfonate. It has high detersive power and excellent flash foaming characteristics, but it tends to be more irritating to eyes and skin. Its defatting action on the skin is believed to impair the barrier characteristics of the stratum corneum. These reasons have probably accounted for the low usage frequency of less than 5% (88).
Mineral oil in food, cosmetic products, and in products regulated by other legislations
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
Ralph Pirow, Annegret Blume, Nicole Hellwig, Matthias Herzler, Bettina Huhse, Christoph Hutzler, Karla Pfaff, Hermann-Josef Thierse, Tewes Tralau, Bärbel Vieth, Andreas Luch
Concerning the carcinogenicity of MOAH, information was derived from animal studies with PAHs (including methylated derivatives), C10–C15 (predominantly C12) branched-chain alkyl benzene (i.e. dodecylbenzene), a partially hydrogenated aromatic hydrocarbon (tetralin), mineral oils, and other petroleum-derived substances. Several food-grade mineral oils and waxes, which very likely contained (but had not been tested for) MOAH, were not carcinogenic in chronic dietary studies (see Section “Carcinogenicity of PAHs and MOAH”). No data are available for the dietary exposure to non-food grade mineral oils. Dermal and inhalation studies were therefore used instead. The carcinogenicity of petroleum-derived materials appeared to be in general due to the presence of PAC containing three or more aromatic rings. The CONTAM Panel concluded that many MOAH with three or more aromatic rings and little or no alkylation can be bioactivated to genotoxic carcinogens. C10–C15 branched-chain alkyl benzene, which was taken as a representative of highly alkylated MOAH, has a skin irritation-related promotion effect (see Section “Carcinogenicity of PAHs and MOAH”). Some simple MOAH such as naphthalene (C10) are carcinogenic by a non-genotoxic mode of action, involving cytotoxicity and a proliferative response.
Comparison of the effects of multiwall carbon nanotubes on the epithelial cells and macrophages
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2019
Masanori Horie, Yosuke Tabei, Sakiko Sugino, Hiroko Fukui, Ayako Nishioka, Yuji Hagiwara, Kei Sato, Tadashi Yoneda, Atsumi Tada, Tamami Koyama
The amount of cell-associated MWCNTs was measured using the method of Zhang et al. (2018), with some modifications. The cells were exposed to 10 and 100μg/ml MWCNTs for 24h. Then, the MWCNT suspension was removed, and the cells were washed three times with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and collected by trypsinization in a 1.5ml microtube. The cells were resuspended in 1ml PBS and collected by centrifugation at 1500×g for 3min. The supernatant was removed, 0.5ml CelLytic M was added (Sigma-Aldrich), and the tube was maintained at room temperature for 30min. Then, 0.5ml of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Tokyo, Japan) solution (5mg/ml) was added to each tube and pipetted several times. The cells were homogenized by sonication with Bioruptor (BM Equipment Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The cell lysate was transferred to a 96-well microplate at 100μl/well, and absorbance at a wavelength of 750nm was measured. Protein concentration was determined with the Pierce™ BCA Protein Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.), and cell-associated MWCNT concentration was adjusted on the basis of the protein concentration.
In vitro skin decontamination of paraoxon – wet-type cleansing effect of selected detergents
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2018
Ruzena Pavlikova, Jan Misik, Jiri Cabal, Jan Marek, Kamil Kuca
The decontamination efficiency of 30 selected surfactants was tested under the selected experimental conditions of flow rate of 16 ml s−1, rinsing volume 100 ml and 5% detergent concentration. The study showed that all the detergents washed away POX from contaminated skin better than water (Table 2) excepting Spolapon AES 253 which was approximately 7% less effective than water under the repeated measurement. Cetylpyridinium bromide, carbethopendecinii bromidum, polyoxyethylene-10-tridecyl ether, SDS althosan MB, Brij 56, sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate, neodekont, tergitol and korynt P managed to rinse the most POX (>92%) of all the tested substances. The efficacy of selected detergents is summarized in Table 2.