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Nutritional and Dietary Supplementation during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
The combination of diphenoxylate and atropine (Lomotil and others) is another commonly used antidiarrheal. Diphenoxylate, a compound similar to meperidine, acts primarily to reduce intestinal motility. Atropine is included in this preparation in an effort to prevent abuse. A case report of an infant born with congenital heart disease whose mother used this agent during pregnancy is published (Ho et al., 1975), but anecdotal reports cannot be used to establish causality. No large epidemiologic studies are published regarding its use during pregnancy. Fewer than 10 patients who used this agent in early pregnancy were included in the Collaborative Perinatal Project (Heinonen et al., 1977). None of the offspring of these women had malformations.
Functional Benefits of Ficus Hispida L.
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and Marine Sources, 2021
D. Suma, A. Vysakh, R. N. Raji, Ninan Jisha, M. S. Latha
Antidiarrheal activity in rats was evaluated with extracts from the leaves of FH against castor-oil generated diarrhea and PEG2-originated inter-pooling in rats was studied by Mandal et al. [20, 21]. Akey and dose-dependent antidiarrheal activity was shown by the methanolic extract of leaves. They also recognized the dosage of the extract and also established that 600 mg/kg had the same effect as by 5 mg/kg of diphenoxylate [27].
Rational Medical Therapy of Functional GI Disorders
Published in Kevin W. Olden, Handbook of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2020
Richard M. Sperling, Kenneth R. McQuaid
Opioid agonists may be of benefit in patients with loose, frequent stools. The currently available synthetic opiates commonly prescribed for diarrhea are loperamide (Imodium), codeine, and diphenoxylate (with atropine: Lomotil). Loperamide and diphenoxylate are preferred because they have poor penetration of the CNS, so there is little potential for physical or psychological dependence with prolonged usage. At least five opioid receptors have been identified; however, the mu, delta, and kappa receptors predominate in the intestinal tract (237). All these receptors regulate smooth-muscle tone, and the delta receptor increases fluid and electrolyte absorption. The currently available opiates interact primarily with the mu receptors, thereby affecting gut motility. They appear to decrease propulsive activity by causing contraction of the circular smooth muscle (230,238). In turn, this leads to prolonged colonic transit time, which results in greater stool fluid resorption and improved stool consistency. These agents may also increase anal-sphincter tone.
Zhizhu decoction alleviates slow transit constipation by regulating aryl hydrocarbon receptor through gut microbiota
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Yong Wen, Yu Zhan, Shiyu Tang, Fang Liu, Rong Wu, Pengfei Kong, Qian Li, Xuegui Tang
STC is a disease characterized by delayed colon transit, 24 h defecation volume, fecal water content, and ITR can be used as its representative diagnostic indicators (Jani and Marsicano 2018). Studies have shown that compound diphenoxylate is a common method for modeling constipation (Deng et al. 2021). In the present study, it revealed that after continuous intragastric administration of compound diphenoxylate, the defecation volume, fecal water content, and ITR of mice were significantly decreased than those of the control group, and there was a certain degree of pathological damage to the colon, indicating the successful establishment of STC model. As a common Chinese medicine compound, ZZD is beneficial to functional dyspepsia, and this study found that ZZD significantly improved intestinal motility and alleviated colon injury in the STC mouse model. In addition, ZZD significantly increased the expressions of Ach, SP, 5-HT, and decreased the expression of VIP in the colon of STC mice, activated the AHR signaling pathway, and changed the composition of the gut microbiota. Therefore, it could be considered that alleviation of intestinal motility injury in STC mice by ZZD may be associated with the activation of the AHR signaling pathway by gut microbiota to regulate intestinal neurotransmitters.
Comparison of the effects of colonic electrical stimulation and prucalopride on gastrointestinal transit and defecation in a canine model of constipation
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2021
Shuo Chen, Liang Liu, Yanmei Li, Hailong Li, Xizhen Sun, Dan Zhu, Qiao Meng, Shukun Yao, Shiyu Du
Referring to the method of Sanmigue et al. [17], we induced a STC model using an effective medication regime, which has also been verified in our previous study [13]. Briefly, a combination of 3 mg/kg/d compound diphenoxylate (1 mg compound diphenoxylate contains 1 mg diphenoxylate hydrochloride and 0.01 mg atropine sulfate; Changzhou Kangpu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Changzhou, Jiangsu, China) and 5 mg/d alosetron hydrochloride (Hubei Jusheng Technology Co., Ltd.; Wuhan, Hubei, China) were administered orally to animals for 10 consecutive days. After 5 days of medication, the animals showed decreasing stool frequency and dry stools. During the sixth to tenth day of this medication, CES, prucalopride or control treatments were performed, and the gastrointestinal transit and defecation were simultaneously assessed.
Ileostomy diarrhea: Pathophysiology and management
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2020
Kyle M. Rowe, Lawrence R. Schiller
Antimotility agents include loperamide, diphenoxylate/atropine, codeine, morphine, and tincture of opium. Loperamide and diphenoxylate are synthetic mu-opioid agonists with antimotility effects, particularly in the small bowel.63 Atropine is combined with diphenoxylate to discourage abuse; its anticholinergic properties may supplement its antidiarrheal effects slightly. As loperamide has limited ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, it has fewer central and anticholinergic adverse effects than diphenoxylate/atropine or more potent opioids. Loperamide has been shown in several randomized trials to decrease the output of established ileostomies by 22% to 30%.64–67 Studied doses have varied, but the standard dose is 4 mg four times per day before meals and at bedtime.