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Neurobiological Changes as an Explanation of Benefits of Exercise
Published in Henning Budde, Mirko Wegner, The Exercise Effect on Mental Health, 2018
Animal studies have also shown that acute exercise has little positive effect on whole brain concentrations of NA. Meeusen and colleagues (see Meeusen & De Meirleir 1995; Meeusen et al. 2001), in very thorough systematic reviews, found either a decrease in NA concentrations or no significant effect. However, research has shown increased DA concentrations, particularly in the brainstem and hypothalamus, during and immediately following acute exercise (see Meeusen et al. 2001; Meeusen & De Meirleir 1995, for reviews). Despite this limited support for acute exercise-induced increases in brain concentrations of NA, animal studies have shown increases in brain concentrations of the NA metabolite 3-methoxy 4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in most brain regions (Meeusen et al. 2001). Similarly, increased concentrations of the DA metabolites 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 4-hydroxy 3-methoxyphenylacetic acid, also known as homovanillic acid (HVA), have also been shown, particularly in the brainstem and hypothalamus (Meeusen et al. 1997). This is evidence of acute exercise-induced turnover of NA and DA in the brain.
Dopaminergic Mechanisms in Gastrointestinal Motility
Published in T. S. Gaginella, Regulatory Mechanisms — in — Gastrointestinal Function, 2017
John W. Wiley, Takahashi Toku, Owyang Chung
Direct evidence supporting a role for dopamine as a neurotransmitter in the gastrointestinal tract is lacking. However, several approaches have been employed that provide indirect support that dopamine may act as a neurotransmitter in the gut. Eaker et al. employed the strategy that the relative percentage of dopamine to norepinephrine in noradrenergically innervated tissues such as the spleen is known to be relatively constant within a species.4 Therefore, an increase in the ratio of dopamine to norepinephrine in a particular tissue might support the possibility that dopaminergic neurons are present. The authors measured levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, and the dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) from segments of the gastrointestinal tract of mice and observed that the ratio of dopamine to norepinephrine in the gastrointestinal tissues was higher than that found in the spleen, and the DOPAC to dopamine ratios were similar to regions of the central nervous system where dopamine is an established neurotransmitter. The authors concluded that a distinct population of dopamine containing neurons may be present in the gastrointestinal tract.
Composition of The Chromaffin Cell
Published in Stephen W. Carmichael, Susan L. Stoddard, The Adrenal Medulla 1986 - 1988, 2017
Stephen W. Carmichael, Susan L. Stoddard
Catecholamines and their metabolites were measured in the urine of the insectivore Suncus murinus by Maruoka, Saito, Tanaka et al. (1988). There were no significant differences between Suncus and rats in regard to urinary content of epinephrine, norepinephrine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and vanillylmandelic acid. In Suncus, however, the contents of dopamine and its metabolites were markedly lower and the contents of normetanephrine and metanephrine were higher than in rats. These results suggest that some tissues produce and excrete a larger amount of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and their metabolites and a smaller amount of dopamine and its metabolites in Suncus.
Edible insects prevent changes to brain monoamine profiles from malnourishment in weaned rats
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Ella E. Bauer, Isaac Agbemafle, Manju B. Reddy, Peter J. Clark
The objective of this study was twofold. First, to evaluate monoamine-related neurochemical changes from 3 weeks and 5 weeks of protein and iron deficiency in rats spanning developmental stages of weanling to periadolescence across the hippocampus, striatum, hypothalamus, and prefrontal cortex. These brain regions were selected because they contribute to several cognitive and physiological processes that can be disrupted during malnutrition, including attention, learning, motivation, energy homeostasis, and stress response [17–19]. Second, to evaluate the influence of insect-based-diet repletion on restoring monoamine-related neurochemical profiles across the same brain regions following three weeks of protein and iron insufficiency in post-weaned rats. Cricket and palm weevil larvae diets were chosen because they are not only rich in protein and iron but are also increasing in popularity for cultivation and consumption in both developing and developed countries [6,20]. Neurochemical concentrations including 5-HT, DA, NE, epinephrine (EPI), and metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured using Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC). The results of this study provide a comprehensive assessment of markers of monoaminergic activity across weanling rat brain from malnutrition followed by insect-protein repletion, which could have implications for the nutritional and neurobiological value of edible insects.
Myricetin derivative-rich fraction from Syzygium malaccense prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity, glucose intolerance and oxidative stress in C57BL/6J mice
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Devi Nallappan, Kien Chai Ong, Uma Devi Palanisamy, Kek Heng Chua, Umah Rani Kuppusamy
The suppression of oxidative indices in both urine and tissue homogenates could be attributed to the antioxidant efficacy of major metabolites of myricetin and derivatives such as 3,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3,4,5‐trihydroxyphenylacetic acid, gallic acid, and quercetin (Lin et al. 2012, Du et al. 2014). The hydroxy group attached at C-4′ position of myricetin is involved in the reaction against CH3OO·(lipid peroxide radical). Meanwhile, the weak H-bonding interactions between the adjacent hydroxy group in the B-ring and oxygen radical of the reactive hydroxy group facilitates higher activity of the 4′-hydroxy site of myricetin (Sadasivam and Kumaresan 2011, Xie et al. 2013). Besides, reduction of Fe ions could be also highly attributed to the double bond at the C2-C3 position, presence of catechol in B-ring as well as 3-hydroxy functional group of myricetin (Mira et al. 2002).
Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy: an update on diagnosis and treatment
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2018
Shunya Nakane, Akihiro Mukaino, Osamu Higuchi, Mari Watari, Yasuhiro Maeda, Makoto Yamakawa, Keiichi Nakahara, Koutaro Takamatsu, Hidenori Matsuo, Yukio Ando
Goldstein et al. report tried to differentiate AAG from pure autonomic failure (PAF), because some part of AAG and PAF are same chronic forms of autonomic failure [75]. AAG often has a chronic progressive course that may resemble degenerative forms of autonomic failure such as PAF. Both disorders feature low plasma levels of catecholamines during supine rest, but plasma levels of the other endogenous catechols, dihydroxyphenylalanine, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and dihydroxyphenylglyco seem to be lower in PAF than in AAG. In this article, they report results of QSART, Valsalva maneuver, head-up tilt test, and 6-[18F] fluorodopamine PET scanning besides the measurement of plasma catechols, in patients with AAG, PAF, and two other forms of chronic autonomic failure manifesting with OH – multiple system atrophy (MSA) and Parkinson’s disease with neurogenic OH (PD with NOH) [75]. Baroreflex – cardiovagal gain, calculated from the slope of the line of best fit for the relationship between interbeat interval and systolic blood pressure during Phase II of the Valsalva maneuver, was also low in all four groups. QSART responses were remarkably subnormal in AAG patients. Conversely, QSART responses were often within the normal range three patient groups in the three patient groups. 6-[18F] fluorodopamine-derived radioactivity in the interventricular septum was normal in the AAG and MSA groups and low in the PAF and PD with NOH groups.