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Effervescent Granulation
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, amino acid hydrochlorides, acid citrate salts, etc. are acid salts that are used in effervescent formulation since they are water-soluble and react quickly with alkaline sources. In combination with another of the above-mentioned acids, they work as a pH buffering agent during drug administration, thus promoting active ingredient absorption while mitigating possible undesired side effects for the stomach [19].
Compensatory Mechanisms in Acid–Base Disorders
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Titratable acidity refers to the hydrogen ions bound to filtered buffers in urine, and it is equal to the amount of alkali (NaOH) required to titrate the urine to a pH of 7.4. Urinary titratable acidity is due to the conversion of monohydrogen phosphate to dihydrogen phosphate in the tubule. At the maximal urine acidity of 4.5, all the urinary phosphate is in the form of dihydrogen phosphate. After all the bicarbonate ions in the tubular fluid are reabsorbed, excess H+ ions in the tubular fluid combine with monohydrogen phosphate to form dihydrogen phosphate. A bicarbonate ion is added to peritubular capillary blood for each dihydrogen phosphate ion produced. Other filtered buffers in the tubular fluid, including creatinine, β-hydroxybutyrate and sulphates, contribute only a minor extent to titratable acidity. The proximal tubule is the chief site for the formation of titratable acidity (Figure 48.3). The kidney can excrete H+ ions using the phosphate buffer system at a rate of 40 mmol per day. However, the availability of phosphate cannot be easily increased to increase acid excretion.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Joel J. Kirschbaum, Adorjan Aszalos
Contents in serum and urine were quantified using a strong anion-exchange column (900×2 mm) at 50°C and a mobile phase of 0.01 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate containing 0.01 M sodium nitrate, pH 4.8, flowing at 0.43 ml/min into a 254 nm detector. Recoveries of added drug were 81% from serum and 103% from urine. Linear responses were found from 8 to 350 µg/ml, with a minimum detectable limit of 0.5 µg/ml serum. Microbiological results were invalid due to the inability to distinguish between drug and active metabolites [214].
Toxicity of phosphate enemas – an updated review
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Rosa Hamilton Smith, Michael Eddleston, D. Nicholas Bateman
In the UK and US, sodium phosphate enemas contain osmotically active phosphate. Commonly used preparations include Sodium Acid Phosphate with Sodium Phosphate (Fleet Enema®; dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate 12.8 g with disodium phosphate dodecahydrate 10.24 g, in water to 128 mL; ∼1400 mM with an osmolality of >2200) [1] and Sodium Phosphates Enema (monobasic sodium phosphate 19 g with dibasic sodium phosphate 7 g in water to 118 mL), the amount prescribed varying slightly from product to product. The dose is usually prescribed as a volume and depends on patient age, 2–4 years 25% adult dose (∼30–35 mL); 5–11 years 50% adult dose (∼60–70mL); over 12 years full dose (118–128 mL). The phosphate solution has osmotic action and works by pulling water into the lower bowel, softening and expanding the stool, resulting in a build-up of pressure that triggers peristalsis and allows defaecation to take place, usually within only a few minutes. This rapid expulsion of an enema with the stool results in low exposure of the gut to the high phosphate dose. However, occasionally, the sodium phosphate solution is retained in the gut lumen and then absorbed, which can lead to water and electrolyte imbalances, and resultant clinical consequences [2]. Adverse effects resulting from rapid increases in serum phosphate with resultant changes in calcium and magnesium, or effects from the excess movement of fluid into the bowel lumen from the blood.
PLA-coated Imwitor® 900 K-based herbal colloidal carriers as novel candidates for the intra-articular treatment of arthritis
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Haidy Abbas, Nehal M. EL-Deeb, Mariam Zewail
We purchased curcumin from Merck (Merck, Germany). Poloxamer 188 (Pluronic® F-68 (Sigma-Aldrich, USA)) and Imwitor® 900 K (glyceryl monostearate) were a kind gift from Sasol (Germany). Tween 80 (PEG Sorbitan monooleate) was a gift from Adwick, El-Nasr Pharmaceutical Chemicals Co (Egypt). We purchased poly-lactic acid from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Germany), Resveratrol from Behr GmbH (Stuttgart, Germany), and dialysis cellulose membrane tubing (molecular weight cut-off 12 000 g/mole) from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) Mowiol 4-88 (Mwt = 31 000) was purchased from (Kuraray Specialties, Germany). Potassium dihydrogen phosphate and disodium hydrogen phosphate were purchase from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). MPO and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) ELISA kits were purchased from the Glory Science Co, Ltd (USA).
Bond strength of zirconia- or polymer-based copings cemented on implant-supported titanium bases – an in vitro study
Published in Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry, 2021
Eliann Oddbratt, Lisa Hua, Bruno R. Chrcanovic, Evaggelia Papia
The adhesive cement systems used in the present study have an indication for permanent use in clinical practice. The results from the bond strength test showed that the cement system Multilink Hybrid Abutment (MHA) had significant lower value than Panavia V5 (PV5) and Rely X Ultimate (RXU) in general. The bond strength of the adhesive cement system depends on several factors such as micro- and macromechanical retention, chemical retention, dental materials used, type of adhesive resin cement and how the operator handle the materials in the dental laboratory, that is, if the instructions are followed according to the manufacturer [12]. The cement composition influences the bond strength and the adhesive resin cement systems tested contain different filler particles and matrix. The majority of studies reports that the highest retention was achieved when phosphate monomers [13], and more specific 10-methacryloyloxy-decyl dihydrogenphosphate (MDP) were present in the cements’ composition [14,15]. However, MHA is polymerized through auto polymerization which differs from PV5 and RXU, which both are dual polymerized and have been reported to obtain the high bond strength even after thermocycling [16].