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Effervescent Granulation
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, amino acid hydrochlorides, acid citrate salts, etc. are acid salts that are used in effervescent formulation since they are water-soluble and react quickly with alkaline sources. In combination with another of the above-mentioned acids, they work as a pH buffering agent during drug administration, thus promoting active ingredient absorption while mitigating possible undesired side effects for the stomach [19].
Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
In Leuven, Belgium, between 1990 and 2017, 16,065 patients were investigated for contact allergy and 118 (0.7%) showed positive patch test reactions to topical ophthalmic medications and/or to their ingredients. Eighty-four individuals (71%) reacted to an active principle. Ketotifen hydrogen fumarate was tested in 16 patients and was the allergen in eye medications in one. There were no reactions to ketotifen hydrogen fumarate in other types of medications (2).
Marine Biotoxins: Symptoms and Monitoring Programs
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and Marine Sources, 2021
Huma Bader Ul Ain, Farhan Saeed, Hafiza Sidra Yaseen, Tabussam Tufail, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria
The basic structure of saxitoxin (STX) was illustrated by using x-ray crystal-lographic and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). The fundamental toxic effect of this poison is due to presence of dihydroxy or hydrated ketone group in the 5-ring, but this effect can be eliminated by formation of monohydroxy compound through reduction of dihydroxy group with simple hydrogen. The 60% activity of this toxin can be reduced by release of carbamoyl assemble side-chain on the 6-membered ring [40]. The paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins are oxidized under alkaline conditions and they are not heated sensitive at acidic pH except N-sulfo-carbamoyl [40].
Protective Effects of Hydrogen-Rich Saline on Experimental Intestinal Volvulus in Rats
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Hayrunnisa Oral, Zafer Türkyılmaz, Ramazan Karabulut, Cem Kaya, Duygu Dayanır, Cengiz Karakaya, Kaan Sonmez
People consume HRSS in daily life to prevent cancer and to relieve stress and radiation injuries [40]. No adverse effects or toxic changes were demonstrated in both sexes, in rats and humans, with up to 20 ml/kg hydrogen intake per day [51]. In the present study, HRSS was administered at a dose of 5 ml/kg; therefore, no additional monitoring was performed for side effects. HRSS is rapidly absorbed by the body and spreads rapidly into the cells, making it an easy to use and inexpensive treatment. Unlike the gas form of H2, which is highly flammable and unsafe for medical use due to the explosion risk, oral intake is safe and convenient. Nevertheless, it is often difficult to adjust the H2 concentration due to losses in the stomach and intestines. The injectable form used in the present study allows administration at a more accurate concentration. All solutions prepared for injection can be sterilized by gamma radiation and stored in aluminum bags at 4 °C for 4 weeks [44].
Clinical toxicology of exposures to chemicals from clandestine drug laboratories: a literature review
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Arjen Koppen, Anja P. G. Wijnands-Kleukers, Femke M. J. Gresnigt, Dylan W. de Lange
The most common reported adverse effects after exposure to chemicals from clandestine drug laboratories were respiratory, dermal and ocular effects. In general, effects were limited to irritation. The adverse effects were usually caused by exposure to irritating or caustic substances, including solvents, acids or alkaline chemicals. Anhydrous ammonia was one of the most commonly involved chemicals and serious adverse effects were reported after exposure to phosphine, hydrogen sulfide, methanol and highly concentrated acids and alkaline chemicals. Effects can occur locally or systemically or as a combination of both. Fatalities have been estimated to occur in 1% of the patients injured in clandestine drug laboratory events. It is unclear to what extent chemical exposure contributed directly to this mortality rate.
Intragastric fructose administration interacts with emotional state in homeostatic and hedonic brain regions
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Julie Iven, Jessica R. Biesiekierski, Dongxing Zhao, Jan Tack, Lukas Van Oudenhove
First, the 25 g of fructose used in our study might have been too low to observe significant effects at the self-report level as daily intake of fructose varies between 11 and 54 g. However, dosage was chosen to minimize fructose malabsorption, as 25 g is completely absorbed in 50% of the population [36]. Second, we did not perform a hydrogen breath test to exclude fructose malabsorption, however no side effects were reported by any of the participants. Third, our emotion induction paradigm could be considered unsuccessful at the behavioral level, despite the fact that this paradigm has been successfully used in previous studies [9,17]. Fourth, for this study, healthy, young, lean and healthy volunteers were included. Additional studies in patients suffering from mood disorders or emotional eating should be performed to further increase the understanding of the interaction of food and mood in this population. Fifth, we cannot exclude the effects of different molar load or osmolarities of the fructose compared to the milli-Q water used as the placebo, that could have affected hormone secretion and GI motility differentially. Last, although intragastric administration may limit the clinical relevance compared to oral intake, its mechanistic relevance may be higher as it allows for the effect of purely interoceptive gut-brain signals on hedonic outcomes, bypassing all sensory and cognitive effects.