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Comparative Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry of Mammalian Skin
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Winkelmann and Breathnach111 report that Mustakallio and Kiistala hypothesized that a Merkel cell’s function in the human epidermis is that of monoamine storage. This was based on the Merkel cell dense core granule’s structural similarity to monoamine granules found in other areas. Proof is lacking because conflicting results have been obtained when reserpine has been used to deplete these granules.111 Lauweryns demonstrated serotonin in dense cored granules from neuroepithelial cells found in the rabbit respiratory mucosa.131 These cells were comparable to Merkel cells because they possessed these granules, had an indented nucleus, and were associated with a neurite. If these observations are correct, the Merkel cells would be classified as sensory receptors employing serotonin as a neurotransmitter. Chen et al. showed that the granules found within a Merkel cell fused with a synapse-like structure that occurred between the Merkel cell and its neurite.125 Digallic acid staining and goniometric tilting facilitated the resolution of the synaptic contact.125 Structural analysis of the synaptic junction of Merkel cell axon complexes revealed a typical chemical synapse except for the presence of presynaptic clear vesicles.132,133 Andres described these synapse-like structures in terms of thickening of the opposite areas of the membranes of the Merkel cell and the neurite.134
Aquatic Plants Native to Europe
Published in Namrita Lall, Aquatic Plants, 2020
Isa A. Lambrechts, Lydia Gibango, Antonios Chrysargyris, Nikolaos Tzortzakis, Namrita Lall
Although several phenolics, terpenes, and other phytochemicals have been isolated from the plant, no literature on its pharmacological use has been explored. At least 18 different phenolic compounds have been reported in M. spicatum with ellagic acid, gallic acid, and several tannic acids being the more abundant compounds compared to the other compounds (Figure 5.16). In very small concentrations, these compounds, namely ellagic acid, gallic acid, digallic acid, and tannic acids, inhibit the nitrification processes by Nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrobacter sp. (Planas et al. 1981).
Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants, 2017
“Aleppo Oak” “Dyer’s Oak” “Gall Oak”CYCLOGALLEPHARIC-ACID PL CCOM-DIGALLIC-ACID PL HHBELLAGIC-ACID PL CCOGALLIC-ACID 20,000–40,000 “FR” CCOGALLOTANNIC-ACID PL CCOGLUCOGALLIC-ACID PL HHBBETA-D-GLUCOGALLIN PL HHBHEXA-HEPTA-GALLOYL-GLUCOSE PL HHBPENTADIGALLOYLGLUCOSE PL 411/QUERCETIN LF HHBTANNIC-ACID PL HHBTANNIN PL HHB
Health effects, sources, utilization and safety of tannins: a critical review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Kartik Sharma, Vikas Kumar, Jaspreet Kaur, Beenu Tanwar, Ankit Goyal, Rakesh Sharma, Yogesh Gat, Ashwani Kumar
Tannins can be synthesized artificially by using naphthalenes, cresols and other higher hydrocarbons as primary ingredients. Vegetable tannins such as digallic acid, ellagic acid, metellagic acid, flavellagic acid, luteic acid, etc. are synthesized artificially, whereas, Neradol D, Neradol N, Ordoval G and tannic acids (contained in galls) are the synthetic tannins used for various industrial applications majorly in food and leather industry. Digallic acid is soluble in methyl alcohols as well as in ethyl alcohols while partially soluble in hot or cold water. Upon hydrolysis, it yields gallic acid, whereas oxidation of it yields ellagic acid and luteic acid. Ellagic acid is completely soluble in caustic potash while slightly soluble in ether, water and alcohol. Neradol D is water soluble, used along with natural tannins in leather industry; possesses commercially advantageous because of its low cost. Ordoval G is a product of formaldehyde condensation of higher hydrocarbons. It is far more effective than natural tannins as 40 Kg of Ordoval G amounts to 100 Kg of vegetable tannins (Grasser 2005).