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Onychotillomania (onychophagia, habit tic, median canaliform onychodystrophy)
Published in Robert Baran, Dimitris Rigopoulos, Chander Grover, Eckart Haneke, Nail Therapies, 2021
Gentle massage of the nail, from the matrix area to the free edge, with a bland ointment, three times/day, has been reported to be helpful in some cases. Physical barriers, like wrapping with bandages and tapes or using gloves that occlude the area of the nails that are affected, have also been used. Unpleasant-flavored topical agents, including capsicum, neem oil and denatonium benzoate (that give a bitter taste), can be used alternatively.
Intragastric quinine administration decreases hedonic eating in healthy women through peptide-mediated gut-brain signaling mechanisms
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Julie Iven, Jessica R. Biesiekierski, Dongxing Zhao, Eveline Deloose, Owen G. O’Daly, Inge Depoortere, Jan Tack, Lukas Van Oudenhove
Recently, it has been shown that intragastric administration of the bitter tastant denatonium benzoate (DB) suppressed hunger and prolonged satiety after a standard meal in healthy female volunteers, without altering gastric emptying. Moreover, DB blocked the occurrence of gastric phase III contractions of the MMC, and decreased motilin, but not ghrelin plasma levels. However, ad libitum food intake was not affected.2 Furthermore, Andreozzi et al. showed that intraduodenal administration of the bitter tastant, quinine-hydrochloride (QHCl), reduced food intake,13 and Deloose et al. demonstrated that intragastric QHCl decreased motilin and total ghrelin plasma levels.14 These preliminary findings point towards an anorexigenic effect of intragastric bitter tastant administration, but findings are mixed and the mechanisms underlying this effect are incompletely understood.
Prevalence and Correlates of Lifetime Alcohol Use among Adult Urban Populations in Iran: A Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Study
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2019
Maryam Mehrabi, Ahmad Hajebi, Elham Mohebbi, Mohammad Reza Baneshi, Mahmoud Khodadost, Ali Akbar Haghdoost, Hamid Sharifi, Alireza Noroozi
Iran, with a population near 80 million and where 55% of the population are under 35 years old (SCI 2016), is a middle-income developing MMC located in Western Asia. More than 70% of the population live in urban areas. A total alcohol ban has been implemented in the country since the Islamic Revolution in 1979, based on the Islamic law which prohibits alcohol production, trade, and consumption (Al-Ansari et al. 2016). Alcoholic beverages are only available through an illegal market. Ethanol solutions with 96% and 70% purities are available in pharmacies for hygienic purposes. These solutions include a chemical additive (Denatonium Benzoate) that has a bitter taste to prevent people from drinking it, although this does not completely deter some people from diluting and drinking these surrogate alcohols (“Bitter taste did not prevent drinking” 2013). National Mental Health Survey (2010–2011) data showed the prevalence of last-year alcohol use, abuse, and dependence among the population aged 15–64 years as 5.7%, 0.6%, and 0.3%, respectively (Amin-Esmaeili et al. 2017). Another study, conducted in 2012, estimated the prevalence of last-year alcohol use as 2.31% among adult urban populations through a network scale-up method (Nikfarjam et al. 2016).
Absorption, metabolism and excretion of [14C]omarigliptin, a once-weekly DPP-4 inhibitor, in humans
Published in Xenobiotica, 2018
Shiyao Xu, Dan Tatosian, Ian Mcintosh, Maria Caceres, Catherine Matthews, Koppara Samuel, Diana Selverian, Sanjeev Kumar, Eunkyung Kauh
Six healthy male subjects, 25–44 years old, with body mass index of 24.8–28.8 kg/m2, were enrolled in the study. [14C]Omarigliptin oral solution dose (5 mg/mL) was prepared by the clinical site. Briefly, 300 mg of [14C]omarigliptin API (specific activity: 0.084 μCi/mg) was weighed out and dissolved in 60 mL aqueous solution containing citric acid, denatonium benzoate and orange flavor to make a 5 mg/mL (0.42 μCi/ml) oral solution. After an overnight fast, each subject received approximately 5 mL of [14 C]omarigliptin oral solution from a dosing syringe followed by drinking 240 mL of water. Dosing syringes were weighed before and after the dosing, and the weight difference was calculated as the actual volume administered to each subject. A standard meal was given to the subjects at 4 h after the dosing.