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Polymer/Surfactant Interaction
Published in E. Desmond Goddard, James V. Gruber, Principles of Polymer Science and Technology in Cosmetics and Personal Care, 1999
E. Desmond Goddard, James V. Gruber
Early in this chapter it was pointed out that the surface tension method is most useful and discriminating for the study of polymer/surfactant interaction when the polymer has a low level of surface activity (at the air/water interface). This would evidently not be the case with HM-substituted polymers. Conversely, if it were possible to demonstrate interaction by this technique in a case rendered even more unfavorable by electrical repulsion between the two components, the evidence for overall mutual attraction would be especially convincing. Such was the case in two systems examined by McGlade et al. (108), who found clear evidence of interaction between SDS and poly(1-decene-co-maleic acid) or poly(1-octadecene-co-maleic acid), which are both anionic polyelectrolytes. The evidence was based on the observed crossover of the “with-” and “without-polymer” surface tension curves of SDS, implying a loss of surfactant from the surface by complex formation in the bulk phase, analogous to Fig. 25.) McGlade et al. were in fact the first to demonstrate interaction between a charged surfactant and a like-charged HM-polymer, and, therefore, the great potential importance of hydrophobic forces in such interactions.
Central Nervous System Effects of Essential Oil Compounds
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Elaine Elisabetsky, Domingos S. Nunes
Another example is the ethnopharmacology approach to search for anticonvulsants in Amazonian traditional medicine (Elisabetsky and Brum, 2003). Based on the descriptions of symptoms and diseases by healers and users among caboclo or riberinhos in the State of Pará (Brazil), a list of conditions that could refer to epilepsy-like conditions and associated home medicines was generated. The most frequently mentioned formula was the combination of the juices (obtained by mechanical pressure) from arruda (Ruta graveolens L., Rutaceae), cipó pucá (Cissus sicyoides L., Vitaceae), catinga de mulata (Aeollanthus suaveolens Mart. Ex Spreng., Lamiaceae) leaves, and a teaspoon of gergelim preto (Sesamun indicum L., Pedaliaceae) seeds. The formula, prepared as reported, slowed (but did not inhibit) pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in mice. A. suaveolens, an African species never studied before, as the popular name suggests, is strongly aromatic, and its EO proved to have anticonvulsant properties (Coelho de Souza et al., 1997). The main components in the EO were (E)-β-farnesene (37.75%), δ-decene-2-lactone (20.6%–44.3%), linalyl acetate (11.32%), linalool 10.49%), and δ-decanolactone (0.37%–3.02%) (Elisabetsky and Brum, 2003). Although the study of (E)-β-farnesene is limited, we found that linalyl acetate was devoid of activity (Coelho de Souza et al., 1997) and that linalool and γ-decanolactone were active in several hypno-sedative and seizure animal models (Pereira et al., 1997). Several linalool-producing plants are or have been used in traditional medical systems for purposes evocative of central sedative effects, most notably lavender baths or inhalation.
Breathomics and its Application for Disease Diagnosis: A Review of Analytical Techniques and Approaches
Published in Raquel Cumeras, Xavier Correig, Volatile organic compound analysis in biomedical diagnosis applications, 2018
David J. Beale, Oliver A. H. Jones, Avinash V. Karpe, Ding Y. Oh, Iain R. White, Konstantinos A. Kouremenos, Enzo A. Palombo
Zhao et al. (2014) investigated the application of metabolomics as a diagnostic tool in human lung tissue samples collected from patients diagnosed with PAH and age-matched controls. Using a combination of LC-MS and GC-MS, it was identified that patients diagnosed with PAH showed unbiased metabolomic profiles of disrupted glycolysis, increased tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and fatty acid metabolites with altered oxidation pathways; indicating increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. It was concluded that these biomarkers could be used for the diagnosis of PAH, however, collecting lung tissue samples is considered invasive. An alternative approach would be to analyze the exhaled breath of patients diagnosed with PAH. Such an approach was undertaken by Cikach et al. (2014), where fasting state breath samples were collected and analyzed by SIFT-MS. It was found that the concentrations of the exhaled ammonia, 2-propanol, acetaldehyde, ammonia, ethanol, pentane, 1-decene, 1-octene, and 2-nonene were significantly different in patients with PAH compared to the control cohort (Cikach et al., 2014), with the concentration of compounds correlating with the severity of PAH. This suggests that differences in the breath metabolic profile can potentially be used to diagnose and classify the severity of PAH. Furthermore, with such observed differences, there is potential for the development of rapid diagnostic breath analyzers that could be used to monitor PAH progression. Such metabolomic approaches and tool development are also being applied to other respiratory diseases, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (Bos et al., 2014; Stringer et al., 2016), COPD (Santini et al., 2016), lung cancer (Peralbo-Molina et al., 2016), or diseases with a clinically relevant respiratory component including cystic fibrosis (Montuschi et al., 2012; Muhlebach and Sha, 2015) and primary ciliary dyskinesia (Montuschi et al., 2014; Paris et al., 2015).
Does a surgical helmet provide protection against aerosol transmitted disease?
Published in Acta Orthopaedica, 2020
Max Joachim Temmesfeld, Rune Bruhn Jakobsen, Peter Grant
The investigation was performed in an orthopedic operation theatre at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. The theatre is equipped with a mixed ventilation system that meets SIS-TS 39:2015 requirements and is audited annually (Swedish Standards Institute 2015). A Stryker Flyte helmet (Stryker Instruments, Kalamazoo, MI, USA) with the standard hood (Flyte Hood, product no. 0408-800-000) was mounted onto a dummy with head and torso. A standard surgical gown (Barrier Surgical Gown Classic, Mölnlycke, Sweden) was tightened around the neck. A 6D Laskin nozzle aerosol generator (Air Techniques International, Owings Mills, MD, USA) generated an oil-based hydrogenated 1-Decene homopolymer (PAO-4) test aerosol. The generator was active for approximately 15 seconds at the start of each test. A particle counter (Solair 3100, Lighthouse, Fremont, CA, USA) detector probe was fastened to the nose of the dummy (Figure 1). Another identical particle counter was positioned approximately 20 cm adjacent to the fan intake outside the hood (Figure 2). The concentrations of 0.3, 0.5, and 5µm particles per cubic foot inside and outside the surgical helmet were continuously recorded with synchronized dataloggers.
A Novel Anticancer Effect of Ephedra alata Decne in Breast Cancer Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Fairouz Sioud, Zaineb Dhouafi, Aida Lahmar, Dorra Elgueder, Leila Chekir-Ghedira
Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) have multiple targets with low toxicity and high precision that help to treat different diseases. Ephedra herb, a traditional Chinese plant, was initially used to treat respiratory diseases but was later discovered to be effective as an antioxidant (7), anti-inflammatory (8, 9), hepatoprotective (10, 11), antibacterial (12, 13), and anticancerous drug (14, 15). Ephedra alata Decene is a medicinal plant belonging to the Ephedraceae family which is distributed in several countries of Africa and Asia (16).
A patent review of butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors and reactivators 2010–2017
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2018
Vincenza Andrisano, Marina Naldi, Angela De Simone, Manuela Bartolini
Finally, Chinese patent CN102746325B refers to the inhibitory activity toward both cholinesterases of 1,10-N-decylene lycorine dibromo salt (12, Figure 5) [61]. The anti-ChE activity of some alkaloids from Amaryllidaceae with lycorine scaffold [62] is known and their structure may be modified to enhance activity/selectivity.