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Nanomaterials for Theranostics: Recent Advances and Future Challenges *
Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Eun-Kyung Lim, Taekhoon Kim, Soonmyung Paik, Seungjoo Haam, Yong-Min Huh, Kwangyeol Lee
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) on cancer cells can be useful targets for cancer imaging and treatment. Usually optical imaging probes are linked onto the therapeutic nanoparticle via MMPs-cleavable peptide linkers, and the optical probes are “turned off” by a FRET mechanism. Upon reaching target cancer cells, the optical imaging probes are released from the nanoparticle, resulting in the fluorescence to be “turned on.” Yhee and Kim et al. developed cathepsin B and MMP imaging polymeric nanoprobes [272] by conjugating near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) dye (Cy5.5) and dark-quencher (BHQ-3) on the substrate peptide of MMPs and cathepsin B, respectively. Interestingly, fluorescence recovery of the cathepsin B probe was noted after the probe had entered the cytoplasm, which was useful in assessing the drug-delivery efficiency (Fig. 16.5). On the other hand, MMP probes showed promise in studying malignant tumor and its metastasis. In a work by Kim et al. tumors of mice injected with the MMP-activatable probe showed a high NIRF signal, leading to clear visualization of the tumors [273]. In contrast, intratumoral injection of an MMP inhibitor prior to injection of the MMP-activatable probe markedly reduced the fluorescence signal from the tumor. Because of this phenomenon, the probe could be used to monitor the response of patients to cancer therapy.
Design, optimization, and application of multiplex rRT-PCR in the detection of respiratory viruses
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2022
Jing Yang, Dandan Li, Jie Wang, Rui Zhang, Jinming Li
In multiplex rRT-PCR, the selection of fluorescent groups and their matching with quenching groups are stricter [46]. Reducing the selection of fluorescent groups with overlapping emission spectra avoids the leakage of fluorescence from one group to another, and thus affects the sensitivity (Figure 4(C)) [47]. Otherwise, fluorescence compensation is required [48]. The quencher, TAMRA, itself fluoresces and it can quench only fluorescent groups with short emission wavelengths [49,50]. The dark quencher, 4-(4′-dimethylaminophenylazo) benzoic acid, does not fluoresce, but its quenching range is still very small [51]. In contrast to the above two quenching groups, the application of a black hole quencher in multiplex rRT-PCR is not limited.