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Coronary Artery Disease
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Since they are native to the Mediterranean region, artichokes are enjoyed by those living in the Mediterranean basin. They are low in calories and sodium, free of cholesterol and a great source of fiber (averaging approximately 5–6 g per artichoke). They are an excellent source of potassium, magnesium, folate and vitamin C to mention a few. The antioxidants and phytonutrients in artichokes include cynarine, silymarin, rutin, gallic acid, and my most favorite bioflavonoid of all, quercetin.
Medicinal Plants of Mongolia
Published in Raymond Cooper, Jeffrey John Deakin, Natural Products of Silk Road Plants, 2020
Narantuya Samdan, Odonchimeg Batsukh
An aqueous extract of the plant stimulated production of bile with slight dose dependency. The effect was compared to a control compound, cynarin, which is recognized for choleretic activity. An extract examined on organ preparations isolated from the uterus, aorta, heart, arteria pulmonalis, and the terminal ileum showed constringing activity (Obmann, 2010).
Inhibiting Insulin Resistance and Accumulation of Triglycerides and Cholesterol in the Liver
Published in Christophe Wiart, Medicinal Plants in Asia for Metabolic Syndrome, 2017
Kirchhoff et al. provided evidence that an extract of Cynara scolymus L. (containing mainly 1,3-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid also known as cynarin) given orally at a single dose: 1.92 g to healthy volunteers increased bile secretion.401 Aqueous extract of leaves of Cynara scolymus L. given orally to Wistar rats at a dose of 400 mg/kg increased bile flow from 0.1 to 0.2 mL/100 g animal/h, and this effect was similar to positive standard: dehydrocholic acid at 20 mg/kg.402 The extract given for 7 days twice a day at a dose of 400 mg/kg increased bile flow from 0.1 to 0.2 mL/100 g animal/h (dehydrocholic acid at 20 mg/kg: 0.3 mL/100 g animal/h).402 Ethanol extract for flowering head of Cynara scolymus L. given orally at a dose of 1500 mg/kg to Wistar rats before food pellet consumption lowered 120 minutes peak glycaemia from 130 to about 110 mg/dL. The extract given to obese Zucker obese rats orally at a dose of 1500 mg/kg before food pellet consumption lowered 60 minutes peak glycaemia from 150 to about 130 mg/dL.403 Cynaropicrin, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, and cynarin at a concentration of 10 mg/mL increased the secretion of bile by perfused rat liver by 47%, 30%, and 5%, respectively.404 Apigenin 7-O-glucoside is probably metabolized by bacterial intestinal flora and first-pass metabolism and it seems improbable to obtain hepatic pharmacological concentrations of this flavonoid upon oral administration. Cynaropicrin inhibited at a single dose of 100 mg/kg triglyceride absorption in rodents on partial account of gastric emptying delay.405 The mode of action of cynaropicrin on bile secretion could be due to irritation of gut muscles. In a subsequent study, 200 mg of ethanol extract of flowering heads of Cynara scolymus L. given to overweight and obese volunteers with impaired fasting glycaemia (body mass index between 25 and 35 kg/m2, fasting glycaemia between 6.1 and 7 mmol/L) three times per day orally before meals for 8 weeks evoked a decrease in fasting blood glucose by 9.6%, insulin resistance and had no effect on insulinemia.406 This supplementation lowered plasma cholesterol by 6.3% and had no effect in triglycerides.406 Aqueous extract of leaves given to Wistar rats on cholesterol-enriched diet orally at a dose of 300 mg/kg/day (simvastatin 4 mg/kg/day) for 30 days lowered total cholesterol by 51.9% (simvastatin 4 mg/kg/day: 41.9%) and low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol by 54.8% (simvastatin 4 mg/kg/day: 46.7%).407 This extract had no effect on high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol, lowered proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and INF-γ close to normal values.407 Intake of artichoke could be beneficial in metabolic syndrome.
An update on the safety of nutraceuticals and effects on lipid parameters
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2018
Arrigo F. G. Cicero, Alessandro Colletti
According to some clinical investigations, extracts of artichoke leaves (Cynara scolymus) possess lipid-lowering and hepatoprotective properties [55]. The health effects of artichoke are mainly attributed to cynarin, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid. The lipid-lowering mechanisms of these supplements seem to be essentially two: the inhibition of the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme and the sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) modulation [56]. Meta-analysis of data from 9 trials including 702 subjects suggested a significant decrease in plasma LDL-C (WMD: −14.9 mg/dL; 95% CI: −20.4 to −9.5; p = 0.011). No serious side effect has been reported, confirming the tolerability and safety of artichoke in the short and medium term. The most frequent adverse event is mild and transient abdominal discomfort [57].
The role of artichoke leaf tincture (Cynara scolymus) in the suppression of DNA damage and atherosclerosis in rats fed an atherogenic diet
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2018
Natasa Bogavac-Stanojevic, Jelena Kotur Stevuljevic, Darko Cerne, Janja Zupan, Janja Marc, Zorica Vujic, Milkica Crevar-Sakac, Miron Sopic, Jelena Munjas, Miroslav Radenkovic, Zorana Jelic-Ivanovic
Eighteen male Wistar albino rats (2 months old, weighing 150–190 g at the beginning of the experiment) were obtained from the Military Medical Academy Farm (Belgrade, Serbia). They were housed in groups of three in a controlled environment with 12 h light/dark cycles and were allowed free access to food and water. They were randomly divided into three groups (n = 6/group). Group 1, the control group of rats which received standard pellet chow (CG) for 11 weeks; group 2, rats fed with normal pellet chow for 1 week and changed to an atherogenic diet (standard pellet chow supplemented with 2% cholesterol, 3% sunflower oil and 1% sodium cholate) for the next 10 weeks (AD); group 3, rats fed with a normal diet for 1 week, the atherogenic diet for the next 4 weeks and then fed with ALT (0.1 mL/kg body weight for 6 weeks (ADA) in the continued presence of the atherogenic diet. ALT extract analysis showed that the content of both cynarin and chlorogenic acid was 0.2%.
Evaluation of the anti-atherogenic potential of Egyptian artichoke leaf extract in hypercholesterolemic rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Samah Fathy Ahmed, Ekram Nemr Abd Al Haleem, Walid Hamdy El-Tantawy
Cynara scolymus L. (Asteraceae), which commonly known as artichoke, has abundant therapeutic effects comprising antitoxic activity, antitumor, hypolipidemic, choleretic, showed anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties (Heidarian and Rafieian-Kopaei 2013). The phytochemical investigation of artichoke revealed the presence of a high amount of phenolics comprising cynarin (1, 3-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid), caffeic, coumaric, hydroxycinnamic, ferulic, caffeoylquinic acid derivatives; mono- and dicaffeoylquinic acids, and chlorogenic acid. Also, it contains flavonoids such as luteolin, cynaroside (luteolin-7-o-glucoside), scolmoside (luteolin-7-o-rutinoside) (Sánchez-Rabaneda et al. 2003, Fratianni et al. 2007).