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Convolvulus pluricaulis (Shankhpushpi) and Erythroxylum coca (Coca plant)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Sashi Sonkar, Akhilesh Kumar Singh, Azamal Husen
The E. coca leaf contains 0.7–1.5% of total alkaloids, with (-)-cocaine (pharmacologically active ingredient), a diester of (-)-ecgonine. Ecgonine has four chiral centers and is hence optically active. Other minor components of coca leaves include tropacocaine, methylecgonine, β-truxilline, α-truxilline, and cinnamonylcocaine (Christen, 2000). Cocaine was the most abundant alkaloid, accounting for 0.56% of the total dry weight, and other alkaloids include anhydroecgonine methyl ester (0.2% dry weight), ecgonine methyl ester (0.18% dry weight), trans-cinnamoylcocaine (0.4% dry weight), and cis-cinnamoylcocaine (0.7% dry weight) (Penny et al., 2009). Additional alkaloids also found in coca leaf in coca tea bags include hygrine, nicotine, dihydrocuscohygrine, cuscohygrine, ecgonine, hydroxytropacocaine, benzoylecgonine, and methylecgonine cinnamate (Jenkins et al., 1996). The leaves also had magnesium, zinc, iron, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin E, β-carotene, and protein, with lysine being the limiting amino acid (Penny et al., 2009). So far, 18 alkaloids from pyridines, pyrrolidines, and tropanes have been identified in a cultivated variety of E. coca (Novak et al., 1984). Several alkaloids were discovered and identified in the seeds of E. coca, including trans-cinnamoylcocaine, cis-cinnamoylcocaine, cocaine, hexanoylecgonine methyl ester, benzoyltropine, N-norbenzoyltropine, cuscohygrine, ecgonine methyl ester, 3α-acetoxytropane, tropine, and methylecgonidine (Casale et al., 2005).
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
The roots contain anahygrine, meso-anaferine, cuscohygrine, isopelletierine, hygrine, tropine, pseudotropine, 3 alpha-tigloyloxytropane, choline, withasomnine, 0.1% saccharose, 0.02% beta-sitosterol, somniferine (C12H16N2), withanine (C44H80N2O12), withaninine, nicotine, ipuranol, hentriacontane, fatty oils, essential oils, withanolide, scopoletin.3,33 The leaves contain withaferin A (C28H38O6) and withanolide (C28H38O6) glycosides, reducing sugars, somnitol, withanone (C24H32O5), glycine, cystine, glutamic acid, alpha-alanine, proline, and tryptophane.33 Chlorogenic acid, condensed tannins, and flavonoids are also reported, along with somnisol (C32H43O6OH), somnitol (C33H44O5[OH]2) and withanic acid (C29H45O6COOH).
Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants, 2017
“Zang Qie”ALKALOIDS 26,300 RT HHBALKALOIDS 29,300 SP HHBANISODAMINE PL DAAATROPINE PL ALKCHLOROAUREATE? PL HHBCUSCOHYGRINE RT HHBHYOSCYAMINE PL ALKL-HYOSCYAMINE 4,000 SH HHBSCOPOLAMINE PL ALKL-SCOPOLAMINE 2,600 SH HHB
Reckoning γ-Glutamyl-S-allylcysteine as a potential main protease (mpro) inhibitor of novel SARS-CoV-2 virus identified using docking and molecular dynamics simulation
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Arun Parashar, Arpit Shukla, Ankush Sharma, Tapan Behl, Dweipayan Goswami, Vineet Mehta
Cuscohygrine and anahygrine are the two major biomolecules present in the W. somnifera. Cuscohygrine is primarily used as a biomarker to distinguish a practice of cocaine abuse from coca chewing [57] and has never been identified or recognized for its antiviral potential. Likewise, anahygrine is also not known for any major health benefits or for antiviral potential. W. somnifera is known for variety of health benefits on variety of ailments, one of which being a potent immune booster and immune stimulator [58–60]. Further, a traditional Indian formulation (Amukkara Choornam) based on W. somnifera has been reported to show beneficial effects against Chikungunya Virus [61], suggesting the antiviral potential of this plant. The broad health benefits of this plant are due to the presence of diverse chemical constituents such as cuscohygrine and anahygrine. Investigating the efficacy of cuscohygrine and anahygrine against the SARS-CoV-2 might yield beneficial effects via its action on SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, as indicated by the findings of our docking studies.