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Exopolysaccharide Production from Marine Bacteria and Its Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Prashakha J. Shukla, Shivang B. Vhora, Ankita G. Murnal, Unnati B. Yagnik, Maheshwari Patadiya
The marine environment is polluted by a variety of organic compounds, from both terrestrial and atmospheric sources. The contamination of the ocean principally with crude oil remains a major threat. Every year, about 1.3 million tons of petroleum enter into the marine environment (Board et al., 2003; Hassanshahian and Cappello, 2013). The components of crude oil (particularly aromatic hydrocarbons fractions) are toxic to marine organisms (Carls et al., 1999; Heintz, 2007). However, the microbial community residing at polluted sites plays a vital role in the degradation of these compounds. Microbes have adapted several mechanisms, such as an increase in population size, genetic modification, biofilm formation and secretion of biosurfactants, to degrade organic contaminants (Singh et al., 2006).
Petrolatum: Conditioning Through Occlusion
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski
Having been known for thousands of years, crude petroleum (crude oil) has a varied and extensive history (1-5). It is believed to have been found, while drilling for salt, by the Chinese, who used the material in ca. 1700 B.C. for lighting. Asphalt and other heavy, nonvolatile fractions of petroleum (such as bitumen and pitch) were used more often and in earlier times, since these materials do not evaporate with age as do the more volatile components of petroleum used in lighting and as fuels. These heavy materials are thought to have been used as mortar and in other adhesive applications from before ca. 2200 B.C. to at least the second century B.C. by the Assyrians and Babylonians. Not surprisingly, much of the archeologicai evidence of asphalt use has been discovered in the region of southern Mesopotamia ("the cradle of civilization") between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, as well as in ancient Persia. In addition to being employed for these purposes, asphalt was used around 1000 B.C. by the Egyptians in some of their mummification procedures, as a protective material and to fill body cavities.
Global Microalgal-Based Products for Industrial Applications
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Ambati Ranga Rao, Gokare A. Ravishankar
Sapphire Energy has a very advanced algal production facility at Columbus, New Mexico (www.sapphireenergy.com). This company has the world’s first commercially demonstrated algae farm from production to extraction. It produces green crude algal oil with fossil fuel properties. This product contains 100% renewable crude oil with reduced carbon footprint compared to other petroleum-based products.
Optimal lamination test of ethylene vinyl acetate sheets for solar modules
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2019
The world is facing the challenge of overcoming an energy crisis. There is concern about the diminishing deposits and growing pollution of nonrenewable energy resources such as coal, natural gas, and crude oil. Thus, many developed countries have developed alternative energy sources. Among such alternative energy sources, solar power is a renewable, inexhaustible, and ultimate source of energy. Solar power involves the conversion of sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect by using solar modules designed to absorb sun rays. Typical solar modules consist of transparent top tempered glass, a number of interconnected solar cells, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) sheets, back sheets, and an aluminum frame around the edge. Figure 1 shows the structure of solar modules.
Bayesian CV@R/super-quantile regression
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2018
Mike G. Tsionas, Marwan Izzeldin
Our empirical analysis is based on a panel data set of 9888 monthly observations spanning the period from January 1994 to February 2011. The sample includes 48 contiguous US states except for Maine and Connecticut where no data are available. Retail and wholesale (rack) motor gasoline prices before taxes and duties are obtained from the EIA of the U.S. Department of Energy. Spot prices of conventional gasoline (measured in dollars per gallon) traded in New York Harbor are taken also from the EIA. The price of bulk unleaded gasoline delivered to New York Harbor is considered a good proxy for the input cost since, on average, 96% of the wholesale price is represented by the cost of gasoline at the hub.10 Crude oil price measured in dollars per barrel accounts for the Cushing, OK WTI Spot Price FOB extracted also from EIA.
Isolation of a novel compound (MIMO2) from the methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves: protective effects against vanadium-induced cytotoxity
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2018
Olumayowa O. Igado, Jan Glaser, Mario Ramos-Tirado, Ezgi Eylül Bankoğlu, Foluso A. Atiba, Ulrike Holzgrabe, Helga Stopper, James O. Olopade
Nigeria is a country that is rich in oil, and is one of the highest producers of crude oil worldwide. Increased human activities such as increased exploitation of natural minerals have resulted in an upsurge of environmental pollution in the oil-producing countries. The effects of this pollution are more pronounced in the countries of the third world. The increase in mineral exploitation has subsequently resulted into an increase in vanadium being released into the atmosphere (Bascom 1996, Barceloux 1999, Olopade et al. 2005, Igado et al. 2008). Currently, no data appears to be documented on the level of atmospheric vanadium in Nigeria. A previous work by Igado et al. (2008) showed that goats from a relatively unindustrialized area in Nigeria still had a relatively high amount of vanadium in the brain (0.34 ± 0.10 ppm). This report on the concentrations of different metals in the brain of goats highlighted the prevalence of environmental pollution and susceptibility of the brain to environmental pollutants in a so-called rural area.