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Schizophrenia
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Medications are the cornerstone of schizophrenia treatment, and antipsychotic medications are the most commonly prescribed drugs. They are thought to control symptoms by affecting the brain neurotransmitter dopamine.1
Influence of medication on typical exercise response
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume II – Exercise and Clinical Testing, 2022
The ways in which medication can influence the typical exercise response are as wide-ranging and varied as the medications themselves. We have introduced aspects of the fundaments of pharmacology, including how some of the more commonly prescribed drugs act and affect the typical exercise response. Using the systematic approach to understanding how a medication works will allow you to map out the likely impact on exercise. We confirm there is a paucity of good-quality evidence in this area of exercise physiology and medicine. Therefore, we recommend that exercise-testing practitioners proceed with caution in deciding upon the most appropriate course of action, consulting with clients, general practitioners and qualified, experienced physicians.
Autistic Spectrum Conditions
Published in Cathy Laver-Bradbury, Margaret J.J. Thompson, Christopher Gale, Christine M. Hooper, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
Commonly prescribed drugs include: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), e.g. fluoxetine, for depression, anxiety including social anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive phenomenaPsychostimulants, usually methylphenidate or dexamphetamine in immediate- or modified-release preparations for ADHDAlpha 2 partial, e.g. clonidine and guanfacine for ADHD, sleep enhancement and as gentle calming agentsMelatonin, for sleep induction difficultiesAtypical antipsychotics, e.g. risperidone, quetiapine, olanzapine and aripiprazole for extreme challenging behaviours.
The alteration of drug metabolism enzymes and pharmacokinetic parameters in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: current animal models and clinical practice
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2023
Yan Zhu, Li Chen, Yuqi He, Lin Qin, Daopeng Tan, Zhaojun Bai, Yu Song, Yu-He Wang
There is a new and more and more frequently applied tendency to use natural products in curing/alleviating NAFLD, such as spirulina, oleuropein, garlic, berberine, resveratrol, curcumin, ginseng, glycyrrhizin, coffee, cocoa powder, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and bromelain. And many promising drug candidates are present in the current development pipeline that are of natural origin (Tarantino et al. 2021). Meanwhile, Chachay et al. speculated that resveratrol kinetics may be altered in NAFLD with obesity, resulting in reduced parent concentration (Chachay et al. 2014), which has prompted a movement to consider whether DMEs in NAFLD also affect pharmacokinetic parameters. Although few clinical studies have reported the impact of NAFLD on commonly prescribed drugs and natural products, they strongly emphasize the potential of NAFLD to cause variable drug responses and adverse drug reactions through altering pharmacokinetic parameters (Cobbina and Akhlaghi 2017). A limited number of pharmacokinetic studies are currently available on NAFLD. Table 4 shows the substrates and pharmacokinetic parameters of the major DMEs whose expression was altered under the pathological conditions of NAFLD.
How do you treat obesity in the elderly pharmacologically?
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
Claudio Daniel González, Guillermo Di Girolamo
Physiological changes commonly associated with aging can also affect drug pharmacodynamics in older individuals. Older adults are more sensitive to the effects of central nervous system (CNS) acting agents [10]. Paradoxical responses to CNS-acting drugs are seen more frequently in older adults than in younger individuals. Some mechanisms of action can be modified by age, affecting dose/response curves. For instance, alterations in beta-adrenergic signaling may also reduce the vascular, cardiac, pulmonary, and metabolic responses to catecholamines and sympathomimetic agents [10]. Many alterations in the pharmacodynamics of benzodiazepines, psychotropics, and opioids have been described [10]. All these factors can introduce relevant intra- and inter-individual variability in the effects of several commonly prescribed drugs.
Monocyclic beta–lactams for therapeutic uses: a patent overview (2010–2020)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2021
Katarina Grabrijan, Nika Strašek, Stanislav Gobec
Anticoagulants and antihyperlipidemic agents can prevent deaths associated with cardiovascular diseases. Drugs used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases are on the list of the most commonly prescribed drugs and the most money-making drugs. The role of LCAT in the system of cholesterol regulation is still under investigation and it needs to be validated as a target enzyme. For the same reason, there are only a limited number of published activators or inhibitors of LCAT. A clinical study with recombinant human lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (ACP-501), which is in Phase 1, will help to evaluate LCAT as a target enzyme for the treatment of coronary artery disease. Monocyclic beta-lactams as covalent inhibitors usually target catalytic serine in the serine proteases, however, in this case they target cysteine residue instead. The design of electrophilic molecules that will selectively target Cys31 and not catalytic Ser or any of the other cysteine residues (inside or outside of the target enzyme) represents a high challenge in drug discovery.