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Headache
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Stephen Silberstein, Shuhan Zhu
Caffeine is a category C drug and may be used alone or in combination with NSAID or acetaminophen, depending on the gestational age. The caffeine content of one cup of drip coffee is approximately 100 mg [25]; consumption of up to 200 mg of caffeine a day is generally considered low risk during pregnancy [26, 27].
Informal Social Controls and the Liberalization of Drug Laws and Policies
Published in Ross Coomber, The Control of Drugs and Drug Users, 2020
In the United States, there is a widespread belief that the current system of drug controls rests on sound scientific evidence about the chemical nature of the drugs being regulated. Caffeine and alcohol are legally available, according to popular opinion, because they are comparatively benign drugs. They are “good” drugs. They possess some potential for harm when used to excess, but they can be used moderately (at least by adults) without significant risk. With alcohol, this view is abetted by the conventional wisdom that alcoholism is a disease, and that people who become alcoholics have some biological or psychological predisposition to its abuse. Put another way, alcoholism is attributed to defects in the drinker rather than the drink. With caffeine, most Americans would be hard pressed to name any harmful effects, and most do not regard it as a psychoactive substance. Few children drink coffee or tea, but this does not seem related to a belief that caffeine might harm them, since there are few qualms about children consuming caffeine in chocolate and carbonated beverages.
Caffeine and cognitive performance: effects on mood or mental processing?
Published in B.S. Gupta, Uma Gupta, Caffeine and Behavior, 2020
Caffeine’s effects on mood have most commonly been examined with respect to measures of arousal. Numerous studies have reported increased alertness following caffeine consumption,9,18–25 with alertness increasing in a linear fashion with dose. The extent to which these stimulant effects of caffeine are perceived positively may, however, relate both to the dose used and to the precaffeine arousal state of the individual. Greden,26 Loke and Meliska,27 Roach and Griffiths,21 and Loke28 have all reported subjective increases in anxiety levels in response to high (+400 mg) doses of caffeine, and work by Greden et al.29 and by Gilliland and Adress30 provided early evidence of the increased scores on the State-Trait anxiety inventory for nonclinical populations who habitually consumed large quantities of coffee over the course of the day. In clinical populations, caffeine has been found to increase the subjective experience of anxiety,31 while decreased consumption of coffee reduces reported anxiety and irritability.32 Consistent with these anxiogenic properties, caffeine has been shown to antagonize the effect of the anxiolytic benzodiazepines.33–35
Association of coffee and genetic risk with incident dementia in middle-aged and elderly adults
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Yuan Zhang, Hongxi Yang, Shu Li, Zhi Cao, Wei-Dong Li, Tao Yan, Yaogang Wang
Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide and is generally considered to be safe or even beneficial to health. However, previous studies have provided inconsistent conclusions on the role of coffee consumption in the development of dementia. Experiments in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease have demonstrated beneficial effects of coffee, with improvements in cognition in treated animals [16,17]. Results from epidemiological studies in humans, however, have been inconclusive, with some studies suggesting an inverse association between coffee consumption and the risk of dementia [18], and others pointing to a lack of any association [19,20]. There remain concerns about whether heavy intake (> 6 cups/day), particularly among those with an elevated genetic predisposition for dementia, increase risk of dementia and its subtypes. In addition, most previous studies have focused on total coffee instead of examining coffee types separately.
Maternal caffeine intake in pregnancy is inversely related to childhood peer problems in Japan: The Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Yoshihiro Miyake, Keiko Tanaka, Hitomi Okubo, Satoshi Sasaki, Masashi Arakawa
Among the 1199 children aged 59–71 months, the prevalence values of emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity problems, and peer problems were 12.9%, 19.4%, 13.1%, and 8.6%, respectively. The median age and gestation of the 1199 mothers at baseline were 32.0 years (interquartile range [IQR], 29.0–34.0 years) and 17.0 weeks (IQR, 14.0–21.0 weeks; Table 1). About 18% of mothers had depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Median maternal daily consumption of total energy and caffeine during pregnancy were 7127 kJ (IQR, 6117−8465 kJ) and 227.0 mg (IQR, 138.6–341.0 mg), respectively. The contributors of caffeine in the diet during pregnancy were Japanese and Chinese tea (74.8%), coffee (13.0%), black tea (4.4%), confectionaries (4.0%), and soft drinks (3.7%). Maternal caffeine consumption was positively associated with gestation at baseline and maternal smoking during pregnancy and inversely related to number of children and paternal education.
Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of caffeine in rat model of neurotoxicity
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Eman N. Hosny, Hussein G. Sawie, Mohamed E. Elhadidy, Yasser A. Khadrawy
The psychostimulant caffeine is known as 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine and is the most widely consumed substance in the world. Caffeine is naturally found in coffee beans, tea leaves, kola nuts, cocoa beans, and guarana berries.17 Because of its high degree of lipid solubility, caffeine can easily cross the blood–brain barrier and reach the brain18 where it exerts a variety of behavioral effects, including physical endurance, stimulating wakefulness, decreasing the sensation of fatigue, and enhancing mental alertness and concentration.19 Caffeine is structurally similar to adenosine and it has the potential to occupy adenosine A1 and A2A receptors.19 The A1 receptors are located densely in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.20 The stimulation of A1 receptors inhibits Ach release from pyramidal hippocampal neurons.21 It has been demonstrated that Ach plays an important role in learning and memory.22 Therefore, caffeine can enhance Ach release in the hippocampus by its antagonism of A1 receptors23 resulting in an improvement of memory and learning skills. In addition, caffeine has been shown to provide a neuroprotective effect mediated by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in different animal models of neurodegenerative diseases.24–26