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Cationic Surfactants and Quaternary Derivatives for Hair and Skin Care
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Matthew F. Jurczyk, David T. Floyd, Burghard H. Grüning
Other approaches aimed at improving quaternary compatibility with anionic surfactants resulted in the development and use of amphoteric imidazoline derivatives and cocamidopropyl betaine in a wide range of "mild" baby shampoos and skin cleansers. Betaines and imidazoline were found to be extremely effective in reducing irritancy while enhancing foam and viscosity performance. Their incorporation in cleansers and mild shampoos has greatly advanced the use and market acceptance of nitrogen-containing compounds in the personal care industry.
Surfactants in Cosmetic Products
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Ricardo Pedro, Kenneth A. Walters
Betaines are obtained by the reaction of cocodimethylamine with sodium monochloroacetate to obtain the cocobetaine or by condensation of the coconut fatty acid with dimethylaminopropylamine to obtain the cocamidopropylamine, which is subsequently reacted with sodium monochloroacetate to result in the cocamidopropyl betaine. Sulphobetaines are much less popular than alkyl betaines and amidobetaines, but they present good detergency and mildness, which make them useful in facial cleansers and make-up removers.
Sensitive Skin and Noneczematous Dermatoses
Published in Golara Honari, Rosa M. Andersen, Howard Maibach, Sensitive Skin Syndrome, 2017
Ian McDonald, Helen Rea, Martin Steinhoff
Nonerythematous irritation, also called suberythematous irritation: Nonerythematous irritation differs from subjective irritation in that there are changes of inflammation seen on skin biopsy. It often develops slowly, and discomfort is experienced with multiple chemicals. Cocamidopropyl betaine and coconut diethanolamide are common causes of this and are often ingredients in cosmetics. The outcome with this form of ICD is variable.
Clinical utility of marketing terms used for over-the-counter dermatologic products
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2018
Sulfates have also come under scrutiny for their irritant properties and are often used as positive controls for irritancy in patch testing kits. Exposure to a 1–2% solution of SLS for 24 h increases transepidermal water loss in the stratum corneum, contributing to mild skin inflammation, while SLES and other detergents, such as glucosides cause minimal irritation (30,33). Sulfates are in many products concentrations between 0.01 to 50% (26,30). Furthermore, it is generally agreed upon that sulfate concentrations greater than 2% are irritating to normal skin (30). Even though the lower concentrations of sulfates used in cosmetic products are usually nonirritating and safe to patients, 22% of patients have an irritant reaction 0.25% SLS with patch testing (30,34,35). Therefore, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) recommends against SLS concentrations >1% in cosmetic products (23). To help mitigate irritation from sulfates, cosurfactants are often added, most commonly amphoteric surfactants such as cocamidopropyl betaine (29). Of note, cocamidopropyl betaine can also be a source of contact dermatitis (36).
In vivo evaluation of fluoride and sodium lauryl sulphate in toothpaste on buccal epithelial cells toxicity
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2019
Antonija Tadin, Lidia Gavic, Tanja Govic, Nada Galic, Nada Zorica Vladislavic, Davor Zeljezic
Apart from fluoride as a toxic substance, SLS is often referred to as a common constituent of toothpaste, suspected to be able to induce adverse effects in exposed cells. SLS can change the barrier properties of human oral mucosa in vitro [13] and in vivo [14]. Applying toothpaste with different SLS concentrations from 0.01% to 1.5% directly on the mucosa of volunteering individuals by a cap splint, it was shown that 1.5% SDS causes desquamation of the epithelium in 60% of the subjects [2]. The results of the presented study have shown that Sensodyne brand toothpaste with SLS and fluoride at different testing points (30 and 60 days from the start of using) has significantly higher incidence of pyknotic cells, cells with karyorrhexis and nuclear buds, than toothpaste of the same brand with fluoride but without SLS for the same period of usage. Plidenta toothpaste with SLS has shown only significantly higher incidence in some pyknotic cells in the first month, compared to Plidenta toothpaste with fluoride but without SLS after 30 and 60 days of use. It is clear that the usage of both tested brands leads to an increase in the number of cells with pyknosis. Pyknosis is an alteration in the level of apoptosis, as well as karyorrhexis and condensed chromatin. Sensodyne toothpaste, as a surfactant, in addition to SLS, also contains Cocamidopropyl Betaine (CAPB). It is possible that their combination is the reason for increasing the several cytogenetic parameters, compared to Plidenta toothpaste where the surfactant is only SLS. In vitro data regarding CAPB are conflicting. Different in vitro studies found that CAPB has more toxic, similar or less toxic effect, compared to SLS [37–39]. On the other hand, in vivo studies proved CAPB to be the cause of a measurable mucosal irritation, corresponding to the effect of SLS [40]. Also, other ingredients, including silicon dioxide, hydrated silica, sodium benzoate, preservatives, dyes, flavours, and essences may also exhibit toxic effects [2,41].
Tolerability of hair cleansing conditioners: a double-blind randomized, controlled trial designed to evaluate consumer complaints to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Erin M. Warshaw, Jamie P. Schlarbaum, Yujie L. Liou, Rebecca S. Kimyon, Amy J. Zhang, Anne B. Nikle, Andrew D. Monnot, Sara A. Hylwa
It is not surprising that SAS had the highest rate of “any reaction” (ROAT 46.5%; SOPT 7.1%). SAS contains 3% salicylic acid, a keratolytic and irritant. Other SAS ingredients potentially causing irritation/allergy include cocamidopropyl betaine3 and sodium lauroyl sarcosinate46, which were also present in three other products, including WCDSAMCC (Table 3).