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Essential Oils: Clinical Perspectives And Uses
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Jugreet Bibi Sharmeen, Mahomoodally Mohamad Fawzi
Moreover, a review by Mannucci et al. (2018) reported Citrus auran- tium or Citrus sinensis Eos to produce anxiolytic effects in both preclinical and clinical studies. Citrus aurantium EO aromatherapy was observed to reduce anxiety levels in most stress conditions studied, especially in subjects affected by chronic myeloid leukemia and preoperative patients. On the other hand, Citrus sinensis EO exposure in clinical studies showed a positive decline in patients’ anxiety level waiting to receive dental treatment and in healthy volunteers that were subjected to an anxiogenic situation. Thus, oral administration and/or inhalation of these Citrus EOs can be beneficial in treating anxiety (Mannucci et al., 2018).
Energy drinks
Published in Jay R Hoffman, Dietary Supplementation in Sport and Exercise, 2019
Citrus aurantium is from a fruit otherwise known as bitter orange and is commonly used as an Asian herbal medicine to treat digestive problems (26). It is also a mild stimulant and is thought to contribute to appetite suppression, increased metabolic rate and lipolysis (26). Citrus aurantium contains synephrine, a sympathomimetic agent, which has been suggested to stimulate specific adrenergic receptors that stimulate fat metabolism without any of the negative side effects generally associated with compounds that stimulate the other adrenergic receptors (17). Synephrine, an active component of citrus aurantium, is thought to increase lipolysis and minimize the cardiovascular effect typical of adrenergic amines (17). Although synephrine has been shown to stimulate peripheral α-1 receptors, resulting in vasoconstriction and elevations in blood pressure (13), other research has shown that citrus aurantium ingested alone has no effect on blood pressure (34); however, when combined with other herbal products, it may cause significant elevations in systolic blood pressure (34, 40). In addition, when citrus aurantium is combined with caffeine and other herbal products, significant improvements in time to fatigue have been reported (41).
Regulation of Human CYP2D6
Published in Shufeng Zhou, Cytochrome P450 2D6, 2018
In healthy subjects, treatment with Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) at 485 mg twice daily for 14 days, valerian (Valeriana officinalis) at 1000 mg nightly for 14 days, or green tea (Camellia sinensis) four capsules per day for 14 days does not alter the pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan (Donovan et al. 2003, 2004a,b). Treatment of healthy subjects with Citrus aurantium, Echinacea purpurea, milk thistle, and saw palmetto for 28 days does not significantly change CYP1A2, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4 activity determined using a cocktail method (Gurley et al. 2004). In healthy subjects, ingestion of goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) for 28 days inhibits the activity of CYP2D6 and 3A4, kava inhibits CYP2E1, and black cohosh weakly inhibits CYP2D6 (Gurley et al. 2005b). Treatment of elderly subjects with St. John’s wort for 28 days significantly induces CYP3A4 (~140%) and 2E1 activity (~28%); garlic oil inhibits CYP2E1 activity by ~22%; Panax ginseng inhibits CYP2D6 activity by 7% (Gurley et al. 2005a).
Fumigant toxicity of three Satureja species on tomato leafminers, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Essential oils of different plants have various effects on an insect species. Here, satureja oils showed medium effects on T. absoluta larvae in comparison to the other experiments. Goudarzvande Chegini et al. (2018) assessed the fumigant toxicity of Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil on different stages of the tomato leafminer. LC50 values for second instar larvae inside and outside leaf, were 4.44 and 1.26 μlL−1(air), respectively. When the essential oil from cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton was examined on the same stage of the larvae already tested, LC50 for the larvae inside and outside the leaves was 7.88 and 1.55 μl L−1(air), respectively (Goudarzvand Chegini and Abbasipour 2017). Zarrad et al. (2017) examined the fumigant toxicity of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil against Tuta absoluta larvae and determined LC50 10.65 μl L−1(air). However, the fumigant toxicity of Citrus limon (L.) essential oils against the third instar larvae of T. absoluta was less toxic (LC50 24.33 μl L−1(air)) (Zarrad et al. 2015).
Is Caffeine Recommended Before Exercise? A Systematic Review To Investigate Its Impact On Cardiac Autonomic Control Via Heart Rate And Its Variability
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2020
Cicero Jonas R. Benjamim, Brian Kliszczewicz, David M. Garner, Taisy Cinthia Ferro Cavalcante, Amanda Alves Marcelino da Silva, Milana Drumond Ramos Santana, Vitor E. Valenti
Two studies evaluated the effects of CAF combined with other supplements. Kliszczewicz et al. (34), analyzed CAF combined with the Citrus Aurantium, they evidenced that this combination increased resting sympathetic control of heart rhythm but did not influence the parasympathetic HR recovery following exercise. Citrus Aurantium is extracted from the orange and contains the active ingredient of p-synephrine, a sympathomimetic protoalkaloid. It has been indicated as a mild central nervous system stimulant (46); however, p-synephrine acts on beta-3 receptors on adipose tissue and do not exhibit any action on the heart. In this line, we hypothesize that p-synephrine has a minimal effect of CAF. However, there is no previous study that evaluate the impact of Citrus Aurantium on cardiovascular and autonomic nervous systems during recovery from exercise.
Review of Published Bitter Orange Extract and p-Synephrine Adverse Event Clinical Study Case Reports
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2020
Sidney J. Stohs, Sidhartha D. Ray
Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.) extract is widely used in dietary supplements for weight loss and weight management, appetite control, sports performance, and energy. Extracts are prepared from dried unripe fruits of bitter orange and standardized to p-synephrine, which is the primary active ingredient. p-Synephrine is structurally related to ephedrine (Figure 1). However, the structural differences result in markedly different adrenergic receptor binding characteristics and thus markedly different physiological and pharmacological effects (Stohs 2017). Ephedrine acts as a cardiovascular stimulant and was banned in 2004 due to its adverse cardiovascular effects, which include hypertension and rapid heart rate, as well as insomnia, anxiety, and headache when used in excessive amounts. Numerous peer-reviewed human studies have shown that p-synephrine acts as a thermogenic agent without cardiovascular effects or other adverse effects (Stohs 2017). p-Synephrine has also been studied for its effects on weight loss/management, sports performance, energy, and appetite control (Stohs 2017). Following the FDA’s banning of ephedrine in dietary supplements, the use of bitter orange extracts has increased in popularity.