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Influence of Light on Essential Oil Constituents
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Marie-Christine Cudlik, Gerhard Buchbauer
Also, Young et al. (1990) studied the phototumorigenicity of 5-methoxypsoralen (= 5-MOP, bergapten), a constituent of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poit., Rutaceae) oil, by means of model perfumes containing this oil. They concluded that 5-MOP indeed has phototumorigenic potential already at about 5 ppm. Sunscreens were able to significantly lower the tumorigenicity (Young et al., 1990). The chemical profile and photoinduced cytotoxicity of the EO of Citrus medica L. cv. Diamante peel was studied by Menichini et al. (2010). The most abundant compounds were found to be limonene, γ-terpinene, citral, geranial, β-pinene, and α-pinene. The oil also comprised two coumarins, bergapten and citropten. After 100 min of exposure to UV light, the EO showed cytotoxic activity. The phototoxic effect was mainly ascribed to bergapten, as the strong antiproliferative effect of bergapten was not found with citropten (Menichini et al., 2010).
Identifying Pharmaceutical-Grade Essential Oils and Using Them Safely and Effectively in Integrative Medicine
Published in Aruna Bakhru, Nutrition and Integrative Medicine, 2018
A limited number of essential oils may cause chemically induced skin irritation when minor compounds present absorb energy from long-wave ultraviolet (UV-A 320–380 nm) radiation. When these compounds are present in the epidermis or dermis and exposed to UVA, activated derivatives are formed that induce cellular damage. The reaction typically begins approximately 24 hours after exposure and peaks at 48–72 hours.88 Phytophotodermatitis reactions resemble an exaggerated sunburn, but have the potential to induce postinflammatory hyperpigmentation lasting weeks to months. Phytophotodermatitis can be avoided by preventing sun exposure for at least 12 hours following the application of photosensitive oils—angelica, bay laurel absolute, bergamot, bitter orange, cumin, grapefruit, khella, Mediterranean mandarin, neroli, lemon (expressed), lime (expressed), petitgrain, rue, and tagetes. These oils contain compounds known to induce phytophotodermatitis based on their concentration of phototoxic furanocoumarin compound(s), such as angelicin, bergamottin, bergapten, citropten, imperatrotin, isobergapten, isoimperatorin, methyoxsalen, and oxypeucedanin, and the duration of UVA exposure.89–91
Bergamot oil as an integral component of nanostructured lipid carriers and a photosensitizer for photodynamic treatment of vitiligo: Characterization and clinical experimentation
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Mai Shaaban, Maha Nasr, Abeer A. Tawfik, Maha Fadel, Omaima Sammour
The use of plants rich in psoralens (natural photosensitizers) was employed many centuries ago in ancient India and Egypt for the treatment of leukoderma and vitiligo [23]. One of the most important plant products that have been frequently used is bergamot oil (BO), which is the oil of citrus bergamia belonging to family Rutaceae [24], and is mainly composed of volatile ingredients as limonene, linalool, linalyl acetate, and nonvolatile compounds as bergamottin, bergapten, and citropten. BO was reported to induce phototoxic reactions with persistent pigmentation following application to the skin, and subsequent irradiation using ultraviolet light either UVA or UVB light [25–27]. This can be particularly advantageous for the treatment of dermatological diseases such as vitiligo, which is an acquired idiopathic skin pigmentation disease resulting from the loss of melanocytes from the basal layer of the epidermis [28]. Among the phototherapy protocols used for the management of vitiligo is the narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) light (with a peak at 311 nm) [29]. However, the NB-UVB light was reported to be more effective when combined with psoralens (P-NBUVB) owing to the direct melanin-inducing effect of 311 nm radiation, in addition to the psoralen-induced photochemical effects [29–31].