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Sepsis/Septic Shock
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Choline Chloride: Apparently, choline diminishes endotoxin shock by preventing macrophage activation.12 One method of treatment is with choline chloride 1.5-20 gm administered daily.13 In animal studies, choline supplementation increased survival in a dose-dependent manner and prevented mortality completely after 2.5 or 5 mg/ kg LPS. Choline also improved the microscopic appearance of the lungs and blunted increases in serum aspartate aminotransferase levels.
Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
James A. Mastrianni, Elizabeth A. Harris
No effective therapies exist currently for these disorders. Recent advances in gene-specific treatment have been made possible through development of antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) technology for gene suppression. ASO treatment has already advanced to clinical trials for the polyglutamine disorder, Huntington's disease.17 ASO-based therapies hold great promise in the polyglutamine SCAs as suggested by improvement of motor dysfunction in mouse models of disease.18–20 A shared mechanism of neuronal dysfunction due to potassium channel dysregulation has also been identified, and studies aimed to restore ion channel activity are underway.12 Current treatment remains supportive. Symptomatic medications that have been reported to be of some utility are: Cholinergic agents: physostigmine, lecithin, and choline chloride.GABAergic drugs: baclofen and sodium valproate.Serotonergic compounds: L-5–hydroxytryptophan combined with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, and buspirone hydrochloride.
Chemical Constituents of Ginseng Plants
Published in Joseph P. Hou, The Healing Power of Ginseng, 2019
Nitrogenous substances, about 2%–5% of unknown structure, were detected in the ethereal extract of ginseng root; the nonprotein nitrogenous substances were about 1%–1.5%.55, 56 Although in an early study, it was shown that American ginseng does not contain an alkaloid,57 a nitrogenous substance called choline has been isolated and identified in the alcoholic extract of ginseng. Choline is an alkaloid in nature; it is found in plants and in animal organs. Choline chloride has been used as a lipotropic agent (preventing the excess of accumulation of fat). Choline also gives a marked hypotonic action on blood pressure in rabbits.58
Choline: The Neurocognitive Essential Nutrient of Interest to Obstetricians and Gynecologists
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2020
Taylor C. Wallace, Jan Krzysztof Blusztajn, Marie A. Caudill, Kevin C. Klatt, Steven H. Zeisel
Foods naturally containing choline include chicken liver (3 oz: 247 mg); salmon (3 oz: 187 mg); eggs (1 large egg with yolk: 147 mg); shiitake mushrooms (1/2 cup: 58 mg); chicken, broilers or fryers (3 oz: 56 mg); beef, grass-fed strip steak (3 oz: 55 mg); wheat germ (1 oz toasted: 51 mg); milk (8 oz: 38 mg); brussels sprouts (1/2 cup: 32 mg); and almonds (1 oz: 15 mg). Select plant foods such as cruciferous vegetables and certain beans are good sources of choline, contributing approximately 10% of the daily recommended intake (Zeisel and da Costa 2009). Foods, particularly plant foods, also contain betaine, which cannot be converted to choline but can be used as a methyl donor, thereby sparing some of the choline requirement. In animal models, a minimum 50% of the dietary requirement of choline is still needed, but the remaining 50% can be spared by intake of betaine (Craig 2004; Dilger et al. 2007). Choline is available commercially as an ingredient in many fortified foods and dietary supplements as choline bitartrate or choline chloride. The US Food and Drug Administration (2017) has mandated fortification of non-milk-based infant formula to the level present in human breast milk since 1985.
Solubility advantage of sulfanilamide and sulfacetamide in natural deep eutectic systems: experimental and theoretical investigations
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Tomasz Jeliński, Maciej Przybyłek, Piotr Cysewski
Eight different NADES constituents were used during the study, namely choline chloride (CAS: 67–48-1, later abbreviated as ChCl), glucose (CAS: 50–99-7), fructose (CAS: 57–48-7), sorbitol (CAS: 50–70-4), xylitol (CAS: 87–99-0), maltose (CAS: 69–79-5), sucrose (CAS: 57–50-1), and glycerol (CAS: 56–81-5, later abbreviated as Gl), which were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Sulfanilamide (CAS: 63–74-1, later abbreviated as SN) and sulfacetamide (CAS: 144–80-9, later abbreviated as SC) were also provided by the same source and their structural formulas are given in Figure 1. Methanol used as a solvent was purchased from Avantor Performance Materials, Poland. Choline chloride was dried before use, while other chemicals and solvents were reagent grade and were used as received.
Preparation of chitosan-coated liposomes as a novel carrier system for the antiviral drug Triazavirin
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2018
Ksenia V. Kozhikhova, Maria N. Ivantsova, Maria I. Tokareva, Iliya D. Shulepov, Andrey V. Tretiyakov, Lev V. Shaidarov, Vladimir L. Rusinov, Maxim A. Mironov
Liposomal suspensions obtained according to the standard procedure, and containing 85% phosphatidylcholine and 15% cholesterol34 were used in the initial experiments of this study. The hydration of the lipid film was carried out in a standard phosphate buffer at pH 6.8. Liposomes were subsequently formed by double extrusion through inorganic membrane of pore size 200 nm (Anotop). Triazavirin has a high solubility in water (150–170 mg/mL) and poor solubility in organic solvents and liposomal bilayers. Therefore, Triazavirin was predicted to embed in the liposomes structure as a salt with quaternary amines. Charge-forming components were added to the liposomal composition to provide high-drug content within the lipid film. For loading, the active substance, biocompatible choline esters of fatty acids were synthesized as charge-forming components with the capacity to form a stable salt with the target drug. Choline chloride was acylated with palmitoyl chloride or stearoyl chloride using an established method (Figure 2)29. We demonstrated that the content of the charge-forming component had a significant influence on the distribution of liposome size. All samples with a high content of palmitoylcholine chloride (1) or stearoylcholine chloride (2) (5% by weight) were characterized by two maxima of size distribution in the range of 62 ± 2 nm and 275 ± 5 nm in diameter. In contrast, for biomedical applications, liposomal formulations are required to have monomodal distribution of particles with an average diameter of less than 200 nm. However, the average diameter of the liposomes with palmitoylcholine chloride (1) was 220 ± 3 nm. Therefore, we sought to determine the optimal content of charge-forming component. Thus, using 1.0% of 1, a sample was obtained, which satisfied requirements to the liposomal compositions, namely, a monomodal distribution with an average diameter of 184 ± 3 nm. At the same time, surface charge was decreased from 85 to 35 mV.