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Environmental Inhaled Agents and Their Relation to Lung Cancer
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
These are volatile electrophilic reactants used in industry in the synthesis and preparation of bactericides, fungicides, ion-exchange resins, and polymers (Harris, 1983). Two forms are important: chloromethyl methyl ether and the more potent bis-(chloromethyl)ether. Their carcinogenicity has been described in laboratory animals (Drew et al., 1975), and exposed workers have shown an increased risk of lung cancer (Nelson, 1976; Weiss et al., 1979; McCallum et al., 1983), which was related more to the degree than to the duration of exposure.
Nasal Cavity Carcinogens: Possible Routes of Metabolic Activation
Published in D. V. M. Gerd Reznik, Sherman F. Stinson, Nasal Tumors in Animals and Man, 2017
Stephen S. Hecht, Andre Castonguay, Dietrich Hoffmann
The high risk of laboratory workers exposed to bis(chloromethyl)ether (BCME, (1), Figure 12) for lung cancer, and predominately for oat-celled carcinomas, has been documented.188,189 Workers handling chloromethyl methyl ether (2), which contains 1 to 8% of BCME, also have an increased risk for lung cancer.190,191 In a long-term inhalation experiment with 0.1 ppm BCME, nasal cavity tumors were induced in 26 of 200 Sprague-Dawley rats.192 Inhalation of low doses of BCME (1 ppm) led to an increased incidence of lung adenomas in mice.193 BCME is highly genotoxic as a tumor initiator as well as a complete carcinogen on mouse skin.194-196 In model studies, it has been shown that traces of hydrochloric acid and formaldehyde in air can lead to BCME formation in an equilibrium.197
Global burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer attributable to occupational carcinogens in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Yan Zhang, Mi Mi, Ning Zhu, Zhijun Yuan, Yuwei Ding, Yingxin Zhao, Yier Lu, Shanshan Weng, Ying Yuan
Of course, our study has certain limitations. Firstly, the accuracy of GBD data depends on the quality and quantity of data collected. These figures undoubtedly underestimate the true burden since many occupational TBL cancer are not systematically documented and some economically underdeveloped regions lack high-quality cancer registries. Secondly, workforce data in some countries were extrapolated by modeling the local regional data; the exposure levels of the risk factors were measured by the distribution of industrial enterprises. These types of data assumptions would have introduced information bias into the current study. In addition, 47 occupational carcinogenic exposures have currently been identified according to the 2017 update from the IARC Monographs. Among them, 19 occupational carcinogens with sufficient evidence can cause lung cancer in humans [52]. A total of 13 out of the total 47 occupational carcinogens were included in the GBD 2019 and nine were considered to be associated with TBL cancer in the GBD 2019 and were analyzed in our research. The remainder were excluded from the GBD because of a lack of suitable exposure data, and probable insufficient number of cases, insufficient exposure level, and/or proportion of persons exposed [4]. Therefore, 10 occupational carcinogens associated with lung cancer that were not included in the GBD 2019 analysis [chloromethyl methyl ether (technical -grade); coal-tar pitch; sulfur mustard; particulate matter in outdoor air pollution; welding fumes; outdoor air pollution; tobacco smoke, secondhand; X-ray radiation and gamma-radiation; Plutonium; and Radon-222 and its decay products) may have been underestimated in our study.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of chalcone-Vitamin E-donepezil hybrids as multi-target-directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Zhipei Sang, Qing Song, Zhongcheng Cao, Yong Deng, Li Zhang
For the target compounds 17a–f. Primarily, material 11 was reacted with chloromethyl methyl ether (MOMCl) to give the compound 12, then the key intermediates 13a–b, 14a–b, and 15a–b were synthesised through the condensation of 12 with the corresponding benzaldehydes 1, 4a–b, 5a–b, and 6a–b in alcoholic 50% KOH solution, which was treated with 10% HCl to get the desired products 16 and 17a–f.