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Cannabis testing: Taking a closer look
Published in Betty Wedman-St. Louis, Cannabis, 2018
Scott Kuzdzal, Robert Clifford, Paul Winkler, Will Bankert
With an enormous number of pesticides available in the commercial marketplace, no lab can test for all of them. The number of pesticides required for testing varies from state to state, ranging from zero to proposed rules in California for 66 pesticides. Organizations such as AOAC International are evaluating methods with more pesticides. Shimadzu's high-sensitivity LCMS-8050 triple-quadruple liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer can analyze 211 pesticides in cannabis dry product in less than 12 minutes. Because the pesticide list varies from state to state and country to country, and is subject to change, the addition of a GC-MS/MS may be required for complete pesticide analysis. Choose the triple quadrupole GSMS-TQ8050 with AOC-6000 autosampler for volatile pesticides, pesticides that are difficult to analyze by electrospray ionization (ESI), and other problematic pesticides, such as Captan, Chlordane, Chlorfenapyr, Cyfluthrin, Cypermethrin, Dichlorvos, Parthion Methyl, and Pentachloronitrobenzene (Quintozine), difficult to analyze by LC-MS/MS.
Highly sensitive droplet digital PCR-based diagnostics for the surveillance of malaria vector populations in low transmission and incipient resistance settings
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2021
Konstantinos Mavridis, Kleita Michaelidou, John Vontas
Prevention of vector-borne diseases, like malaria, is best realized by vector control, which is largely based on the application of insecticides. The recent decrease (~50%) in malaria cases has largely (~80%) been attributed to the use of insecticides in the forms of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) [6,7]. Indeed, very low malaria transmission settings are the new norm in many African countries, like Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa, Botswana, and Namibia [8]. However, the intense use of insecticides places an enormous selection pressure on insect vector populations, resulting in the development of insecticide resistance that poses a serious threat for malaria vector control [9,10]. New, or repurposed from crop protection, active ingredients expected to be launched recently (e.g. clothianidin [11], pyriproxyfen [12], chlorfenapyr [13]) alone or in mixtures with traditional insecticides can help overcome this issue. It is important that this effort is supported by highly sensitive diagnostics that can detect emerging insecticide resistance early enough, before it spreads [6,11,14,15].
Fumigant toxicity of three Satureja species on tomato leafminers, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Chemical control was considered as the first method of management against T. absoluta. The insecticides used against this pest have been very diverse including organophosphates, pyrethroids, cartap, thiocyclam, and chemicals with new sites of action such as abamectin, spinosad, fipronil, chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, tebufenozide, acylurea insect growth regulators and chlorfenapyr (Desneux et al. 2010, Khani et al. 2020, Kumar et al. 2020, Mohanny et al. 2020). Generally, the feeding behavior of larvae (leaf mining) causes problems in the chemical control effectiveness (Lietti et al. 2005). Moreover, resistance to insecticides may be the most important reason of control failure. The primary reports of insecticide resistance were seen in South American countries such as Chile, Brazil, and Argentina. In these countries, different levels of resistance to organophosphates (e.g. methamidophos), pyrethroids (e.g. permethrin and deltamethrin), cartap, and abamectin, have been evaluated (Salazar and Araya 1997, Siqueira et al. 2000, Lietti et al. 2005). In addition, resistance to pyrethroid, indoxacarb, diamide and spinosyn spinosad has been reported in South America and Europe (Silva et al. 2011, Guedes and Siqueira 2012, Gontijo et al. 2013, Roditakis et al. 2013, Campos et al. 2015, Roditakis et al. 2015). In addition to insecticide resistance which may cause control failure, insecticides have adverse effects on non-target organisms such as beneficial arthropods either through direct acute toxicity in short-term and/or sublethal effects in entire organism life (Martinou et al. 2014).
Monitoring of pesticides residues in soil samples from the southern districts of Jordan in 2016/2017
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Mohammed H. Kailani, Tawfiq M. Al-Antary, Mahmoud A. Alawi
Table 2 shows concentrations, median, and range of the pesticides residues found in the soil samples collected from Karak district. The median of the found pesticides (mg/kg) were acetamiprid (0.07), azoxystroben (0.07), boscalid (0.36), carbendazim (0.29), chlorantranilprole(0.12), chlorfenapyr (0.45), cyprodinil (0.06), difenconazole (0.19), emamectin (0.05), hexytiazox (0.22), imidacloprid (0.22), indoxacarb (0.08), kerosin-methyl (0.02), metalaxyl (0.16), metribuzin (0.71), myclobutanil (1.03), pyridabin (0.16), tebuconazole (0.07), thiamethoxam (0.11), thiaram (0.44), and triadimenol (0.21). However, five pesticides were found in relatively high residues (median) compared with the remained detected ones in the karak soil samples, which were cultivated at that time with different vegetables such as alfalfa, barley, courgette, tomatoes, cabbage, cauliflowers, cucumber, onion, and mallow. These detected pesticides were myclobutanil, metribuzin, chlorfenapyr, thiaram, and boscalid. Myclobutanil is a triazolechmical used as a fungicide on a wide range of crops including grapes. Metribuzin is an herbicide widely used as a pre- and post-emergence in crops such as soya bean, potatoes, tomatoes, and sugar cane and has been to contaminate groundwater (Undabeytia et al.2011), due relatively to its high polarity which allows the pesticide residues to move in the soil which might reach the groundwater. Chlorfenapyr is a halogenated pyrrolsacaracide. Recently, the Committee of pesticide registration in Jordan has banned this pesticide due to repetition appearance in analyzed vegetable samples (Al-Antary et al.2018). Thiaram is a fungicide used to prevent fungal diseases in seeds and crops. It is nearly immobile in clay soils or in soils of high organic matter and tends to stick to soil particles (Howard 1989). Boscalid is a carboxamide preventive fungicide of white mold and foliar diseases including early blight on potatoes, peppers, tomatoes and other crops with long-lasting residues (EPA 2008).