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Medicinal Plants Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Binish Khaliq, Naila Ali, Ahmed Akrem, M. Yasin Ashraf, Arif Malik, Arifa Tahir, M. Zia-Ul-Haq
Chloroquine compound is prepared from the quinine and quinine is bitter alkaloid obtains from the cinchona tree bark. Chloroquine compound has the potential for the formulation of potent drug to cure COVID-19 because DNA of this virus has insinuated characteristics [66]. Resochin is the type of alkaloid which is being used to treat malaria and have potential against the viral diseases. Resochin medicine has the potential to stop the replication, transcription, and translation of viral nucleic acid [61]. Similarly, isoquinoline alkaloids such as palmatine and chelidonine are the interca-lating alkaloid and can be used as drug candidates to the battle SARS-CoV-2 [61, 67]. Cepharanthine, fangchinoline, and tetrandrine are pharmaceutically important alkaloids purified from Stephania tetrandra; other species of family Menispermaceae were used against the HCoV-OC43 coronavirus which infected MRC-5 cells of lung tissue [68]. These compounds also have the anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities [68]. The use of these three compounds dramatically decreased the HCoV-OC43 cells in the human. These three alkaloids inhibited the expression of viral protein (S) and nucleo-capsid (N) protein. Instead of this, mycophenolate, tylophorine, and emetine and others alkaloids had shown the significant antiviral activity [69–71].
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Numerous alkaloids have been reported from the celandine: allocryptopine, berberine, cheladimine, chelamine, chelerythrine, chelidamine, chelidonine, chelilutine, chelirubine, choline, coptisine, corysamine, dihydrosanguinarine, homochelidonine, hydroxychelidon-ine, hydroxysanguinanine, methoxychelidonine, oxychelidonine, oxysanguinarine, proto-pine, sanguinarine, sparteine, stylopine, and tetrahydrocoptisine.91 Since chelerythrine is described as “narcotic” by Grieve (meaning poisonous), there has been quite an interest in celandine in the counterculture. Sanguinarine stimulates intestinal paralysis and salivary secretions.16
Sanguinarine inhibits melanoma invasion and migration by targeting the FAK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Xiaoyi Qi, Yonglan Chen, Sha Liu, Li Liu, Zehui Yu, Ling Yin, Lu Fu, Mingming Deng, Sicheng Liang, Muhan Lü
In addition to the FAK-PI3K-AKT-mTOR signalling pathway, SAG is reported to be against melanoma through other molecular signalling pathways, suggesting the concerted contribution to the action of SAG. Interestingly, it has been reported that structural analogues of SAG from Macleaya cordata, including chelerythrine, chelidonine, and chelilutine have potent anticancer activities. For example, chelerythrine inhibits the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma via PI3K/Akt/mTOR (Zhu et al. 2018); chelidonine inhibits the growth of gefitinib-resistant non-small cell lung cancer cells via the EGFR-AMPK pathway (Xie et al. 2020); chelilutine induces apoptosis by reducing the levels of anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, XIAP) (Slunská et al. 2010). This suggests that different alkaloids in Macleaya cordata might contribute to the overall anticancer effect via multiple molecular mechanisms.
Bioactivation of herbal constituents: mechanisms and toxicological relevance
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2019
Mechanism-based inactivation and MI complex formation of CYP3A4 by MDP-bearing lignans from Acanthopanax chiisanensis (Yoo et al. 2008) and Piper cubeba (Usia et al. 2005) have also been reported. Corynoline, a di-MDP alkaloid isolated from Corydalis bugeana Turcz., formed reactive o-quinone species via metabolic activation of the MDP moieties (Mao et al. 2015; Liu et al. 2018). Other MDP-containing herbal constituents included benzophenanthridine alkaloids chelidonine and nitidine chloride, both of which were found to be mechanism-based inactivators of CYP2D6 (Mao et al. 2018; Liu et al. 2019). Several alkenylbenzenes described above, such as safrole and myristicin, also contain a MDP moiety. Whilst sulfation of the 1′-hydroxy metabolites is held to be central to carcinogenicity of these alkenylbenzenes (Rietjens et al. 2005), the hepatotoxicity of safrole is likely dependent on its demethylenation of the MDP moiety to the catechol, followed by oxidation to the allyl-o-quinone and tautomerization to the more electrophilic vinyl p-quinone methide (Bolton et al. 1994) (Figure 9(c)).
Himalayan poisonous plants for traditional healings and protection from viral attack: a comprehensive review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Shriya Pathania, Diksha Pathania, Priyanka Chauhan, Mamta Sharma
Phyto-constituents are regarded as cytotoxins as they obstruct important cellular functions. The primary goal of cytotoxins is to avoid cell growth, the healthy cells usually cope with them and repair the damage more easily than the tumor cells. Bio membranes are the prime target of such compounds which are involved in the import and export of ions and metabolites in cells. Fluidity and integrity of membrane disturbed by both triterpenoid and steroidal saponins. Usually, saponins are stored as inactive bidesmosidic saponins in plant vacuoles. On destruction and injury, they are transformed into the active monodesmosidic saponins, which are amphiphilic with detergent activities (Wink 2000). Several enzymes, proteins, DNA/RNA, and related processes are other important targets of such compounds. Several strong plant toxins inhibit ribosomal protein biosyntheses, such as the alkaloid emetine, amanitins, and lectins. These toxins can attach to cells by their B-chain, the haptomer, whereas the A-chain is taken up by endocytosis into the cytosol, where it blocks protein biosynthesis. The elements of the cytoskeleton, especially microtubules and actin filaments are also vulnerable targets in animal cells. Several plant toxins are known as microtubule poisons, such as podophyllotoxin, colchicine, chelidonine, noscapine, vinblastine, cucurbitacins, and taxol. These poisons are known to block cell division, vesicle transport, and microtubules. Several secondary compounds can covalently bind to proteins, such as aldehydes, epoxides, secondary compounds with exocyclic methylene groups, with SH groups or reactive double or triple bonds (McMillan and Thompson 1979). These protein modifications influence the three-dimensional structure of proteins and can inhibit their function. Therefore, many poisons with such properties have neurotoxic and cytotoxic properties or are irritants to the skin and mucosal tissue.