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Environmental Toxins and Cardiovascular Disease
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Since excretion of lead is slow by normal metabolic processes, intervention is usually required. This means both minimizing damage as well as increasing excretion. Calcium, vitamin C, and NAC (N-acetyl cysteine) help prevent damage, while chelating agents such as EDTA and DMSA increase excretion.10–12 While the vast majority of research on chelating agents is on high dose and/or IV administration, this author suggests lower dosages over longer periods of time to decrease the risk of adverse events and redistribution.
Thiabendazole
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Thiabendazole is a 2-substituted benzimidazole with fungicidal and anthelminthic (parasiticidal) properties. It is also a chelating agent, which means that this agent is used medicinally to bind metals in cases of metal poisoning, such as lead, mercury or antimony. Thiabendazole is indicated for the treatment of strongyloidiasis (threadworm), cutaneous larva migrans (creeping eruption), visceral larva migrans, and trichinosis.
Radiation Syndromes and Their Modifications
Published in Kedar N. Prasad, Handbook of RADIOBIOLOGY, 2020
Chelating agents form inactive complexes with certain metal ions and allow rapid excretion. They are used in the treatment of poisoning with certain heavy metals — for example, lead. Chelating agents may be of some value in cases of internal contamination with the rare earths, yttrium, plutonium, and thorium, and the actinide metals. To be most effective, chelating agents must be administered during the first day or so after the radioisotope has entered the body, when it is still in the temporary depots of the circulation and soft tissues. Chelating agents do not affect the permanent pool of the metal. Chelating agents by themselves are toxic, and this has limited their more frequent use.
Do the joint effects of size, shape and ecocorona influence the attachment and physical eco(cyto)toxicity of nanoparticles to algae?
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Fazel Abdolahpur Monikh, Daniel Arenas-Lago, Petr Porcal, Renato Grillo, Peng Zhang, Zhiling Guo, Martina G. Vijver, Willie J. G. M. Peijnenburg
Chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are organic molecules with two or more electron donor groups. They are capable of effectively binding polyvalent metal ions, such as Au, due to their affinity for metal ions (Flora and Pachauri 2010). The chelating potential of EDTA has been previously documented for Au-ENPs (Dozol et al. 2013). In biological or environmental media, the EDTA could bind on the one hand to ENPs and on the other hand to various chemical compounds available in the media (Bonvin et al. 2017). Herein, we used EDTA to facilitate the separation of the strongly bound Au-ENPs from the surface of the cells. In this study, the ENPs that were associated with the surface of algal cells that could not be removed using the PBS washing process referred to as strongly attached ENPs. The resulting algae suspensions from the previous steps (after removing the loosely attached Au-ENPs) were treated with 5 mL of 0.02 M EDTA for 20 min to bind the Au-ENPs, which were strongly attached to the cell walls, with the EDTA complex (Wang et al. 2011a). The concentration of the EDTA was optimized using some Pre-tests. The suspensions were vortex mixed for 10 min. The obtained suspensions were centrifuged (4000 rpm at 4 °C) for 10 min and the supernatants were separated to remove the EDTA-ENP complexes. The supernatants were used for measuring the concentration of the strongly attached Au-ENPs to the cell wall by measuring the Au concentration in the supernatant using ICP-MS.
Nephrotic syndrome caused by exposures to skin-lightening cosmetic products containing inorganic mercury
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2020
Thomas Y. K. Chan, Alan P. L. Chan, H. L. Tang
As the intervals between clinic visits tended to be longer after the third month, the actual time to normal urine protein and mercury concentrations could be shorter than was reported. In subjects whose blood mercury concentrations were elevated, long intervals between clinic visits did not permit accurate estimates of the time required for the results to become normal. The same ULN for blood and urine mercury concentrations was used for all subjects, assuming that the assays of the 2000s and 2010s should not affect the reference ranges (unlike the situation in the 1970s [9]). The 14 reports did not mention if there were adverse reactions to the chelating agents used. Angiotensin II receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors used alone appeared to be ineffective (cases 8–10). Any beneficial effects in subjects treated with chelating agents could not be determined, since their adjunctive use might not be mentioned.
Excipients in parenteral formulations: selection considerations and effective utilization with small molecules and biologics
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2018
Bindhu Madhavi Rayaprolu, Jonathan J. Strawser, Gopal Anyarambhatla
Certain small molecules are susceptible to oxidation mechanism which can affect the drug product quality. Reducing oxygen is often accomplished by flushing and/or sparging with inert gases, such as nitrogen or argon. In the event the type of molecule remains susceptible to oxidation, an antioxidant may be utilized. The addition of an antioxidant may support the prevention of oxidation by scavenging free radical oxygen [17]. Consideration for patients potentially impacted by the antioxidant choice should be given. Liquid parenterals may also be developed to support multiple doses or doses administered to multiple patients. Due to the type of container or environmental conditions in which the administration is taking place, the injection may be susceptible to microbial contamination. Preservatives provide a way to mitigate risk of potential microbial growth within the packaging. The efficacy of preservatives is typically established through an Antimicrobial Effectiveness Test [18]. Chelating agents are utilized to bind metal ions free in solution. The use of chelating agents may enhance efficacy of antioxidants or other complexing agents, as well as reduction in the potential oxidation pathways [11]. Certain chelating agents are also suitable for use in contrast agent solutions, allowing for enhanced solubility and increased relaxivity [19]. See Table 1 for Antioxidant, Preservatives, and Chelating Agents