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Ocimum Basilicum: A Model Medicinal Industrial Crop Enriched with an Array of Bioactive Chemicals
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Sunita Singh Dhawan, Pankhuri Gupta, Raj Kishori Lal
CIM Suvaas: Based on the importance of chavibetol from a new source of basil, there is a need to develop a better plant type having high essential oil yielding traits with better chavibetol content. Previously, CSIR-CIMAP developed a number of varieties but none of them having chavibetol rich essential oil and production of essential oil yield is not able to fulfill the high demand of chavibetol rich essential oil. Therefore, production of a variety with high essential oil having high chavibetol content with multi-cutting without effects of environment/temperature would be helpful to overcome low essential oil. The need of high yielding chavibetol rich genotype is utmost important for the future as this will add to the income of farmers as well as many industries. Essential oil with a new aroma like chavibetol with high essential oil is suitable for various innovative cosmetic products/ perfumery industries are required. It is also used in chewing gum, mouth wash, mouth freshener and aromatherapy traditional and therapeutic purposes. Chavibetol rich chemotypes will provide additional income to farmers. High essential oil having high chavibetol content would also be helpful to formulate value added industrial products. Piper betel is the main source of unique aroma chemical chavibetol, but the cultivation of betel crop is very difficult on a large scale. Therefore, the new basil chavibetol rich essential oil ‘CIM-Suvaas’ variety will be a new cheaper source of important aroma compound chavibetol. This is also the first world report that shows the presence of chavibetol in basil oil (Figure 5.12). The new developed variety CIM-Suvaas was released at CSIR-CIMAP in 2019 on the occasion of CSIR Kisan Mela.
Anticancer Potential of Hydroxychavicol Derived from Piper betle L: An in Silico and Cytotoxicity Study
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
S. Vinusri, R. Gnanam, R. Caroline, V. P. Santhanakrishnan, A. Kandavelmani
Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites produced in higher plants and microorganisms through shikimic acid and phenylpropanoid metabolic pathways. Because of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, natural polyphenolics reduce the risk of various classes of tumors, especially chronic myeloid leukemia (1). These compounds possess an aromatic ring with one or more hydroxyl groups and have multiple roles, such as radical scavenging activity, plant defense mechanisms, and antimicrobial activity (2). Piper betle L. is a medicinal plant and a rich source of polyphenolic bioactive compounds, such ashydroxychavicol, terpinen-4-ol, safrole, allylpyrocatecholmonoacetate, eugenol, eugenyl acetate, α-cadinene, β-elemene, piper betol, carvacrol, allyl catechol, chavicol, p-cymene, caryophyllene, chavibetol, cineole, and estragole (3).
Metabolism of the areca alkaloids – toxic and psychoactive constituents of the areca (betel) nut
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2022
The PK of AN constituents and BQ biomarkers in saliva, urine, and hair were determined in four betel consumers (Franke et al. 2016). Three male occasional betel chewers (51–64 years old) chewed one serving of their typically consumed BQ preparation (consisting of ½-1 AN + Piper betle leaf + lime) for their usual amount of time (∼5–6 min) (Franke et al. 2016). One male participant chewed ¼ nut without leaf for 2.25 h. Saliva was collected at: t = 0 (baseline) and 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 24, and 48 h post-chewing; two participants also provided hair samples while one participant provided a 48-h urine sample. Various ranges of arecoline, arecaidine, guvacoline, guvacine, and chavibetol concentrations were found in biological fluids: 75–7114 ng/mL for arecoline; 75–7110 ng/mL of arecaidine; 500–3000 ng/mL of guvacoline; 10–35,500 ng/mL of guvacine; and up to 250 ng/mL of chavibetol (Franke et al. 2016). Chavibetol is a small molecular constituent of the P. betle (betel) plant, the leaf of which is used in some AN products such as BQ Panda et al. 2019). Interestingly, chavibetol is an allylic benzene that is possibly metabolized to a chemically reactive epoxide intermediate in a similar manner as the related compound metheugenol (Feng et al. 2017). Franke et al. (2016) found that the average salivary arecoline/arecaidine ratio was 4:1 but in urine it was the opposite trend (∼1:10), indicating that arecoline is metabolized to arecaidine after ingestion, presumably via hydrolases. The appearance patterns of arecoline, guvacoline, arecaidine, and guvacine in urine paralleled those in saliva, with peaks occurring approximately 2 h post-chewing before returning to baseline levels after approximately 8 h (Franke et al. 2016). The urinary excretion of chavibetol-glucuronide and salivary chavibetol paralleled each other, with peak concentrations showing a similar pattern as the other alkaloids (Franke et al. 2016). No betel-related compounds were detectable in hair, but no definitive conclusions are possible from this pilot study due to small sample size (Franke et al. 2016).