China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Joel J. Kirschbaum, Adorjan Aszalos
Nalidixic acid is used intravenously to treat systemic infections, especially those of the urinary tract. To determine nalidixic acid and its active metabolite, hydroxynalidixic acid, in plasma, an octadecylsilane column was used with a mobile phase of water-methanol-cetrimonium bromide (cetrimide) (50:50:0.12) flowing at 1.5 ml/min into a detector set to 313 nm [455]. The limit of detection of 1 μg/ml is well below the therapeutic range of 20—50 μg/ml. Recoveries are approximately 90%. Contents in plasma and urine were assayed using an amino-cyano column and a mobile phase of methanol-0.1 M citrate buffer, pH 3 (95:15 [sic]), flowing at 1.6 ml/min. Detection at 254 nm gave limits of detection of 0.08 μg/ml plasma and 0.42 μg/ml urine [456].
Polymers as Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
The other class of amine-functional siloxanes is the trimethylaminodimethicones (TSA). Studies show that TSA does not retain its conditioning properties as long as amodimethicone does. TSA polymers are the silicones of choice for durable conditioning and silky feel in clear or opaque formulas. Fine TSA emulsions provide easy-to-prepare, clear, stable silicone-containing shampoos. General Electric markets Silicone Emulsion SM 2658, whose CTFA designation is amodimethicone (and) tridecth-12 (and) cetrimonium chloride. It dries to form a crosslinked polymer film which provides effective conditioning, particularly for damaged hair.
Chemical Modulation of Topical and Transdermal Permeation
Published in Marc B. Brown, Adrian C. Williams, The Art and Science of Dermal Formulation Development, 2019
Marc B. Brown, Adrian C. Williams
Surfactants can be further classified according to the nature of the hydrophilic moiety; anionic surfactants have a negatively charged head group, such as from sulphate and phosphate moieties: for example, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). Cationic surfactants carry a positively charged head group that could be from a pH-dependent amine or from permanently charged quaternary ammonium salts, such as with cetrimonium bromide or benzalkonium chloride. Zwitterionic (amphoteric) surfactants have both cationic and anionic moieties attached to the same molecule, such as dodecyl betaine. Non-ionic surfactants are very commonly selected for use in transdermal and topical formulations and contain covalently bonded oxygen-containing hydrophilic head groups. There are many non-ionic surfactants available, including: poloxamers (triblock copolymers, known by their trade names Synperonics, Pluronics, and Kolliphor), sorbitan esters (also known as Spans), and polysorbates (known commonly as Tweens).
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma of the eyelid masquerading as dermatitis
Published in Orbit, 2021
Sitara H. Hirji, Michelle M. Maeng, Ann Q. Tran, Wen-Hsuan W. Lin, Lora R. Dagi Glass
A 65-year-old female was referred for evaluation of a swollen left upper eyelid that, according to the patient, first presented 1 day after an uncomplicated onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox®) treatment to the forehead 3 years prior. The patient had subsequently been diagnosed with dermatitis, likely allergic contact in nature, and had been treated with various over-the-counter as well as prescription steroid creams, with variable but incomplete response. Make-up, hair coloring, and extremely cold or hot water appeared to make the lesion worse. The patient underwent patch testing and demonstrated a positive reaction to cetrimonium chloride, which is often found in hair products. Eyelid skin culture at the time of patch testing was positive for Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus Aureus. She was prescribed 750 mg levofloxacin twice daily for 3 weeks for possible secondary infection and was advised to avoid products containing cetrimonium chloride. Past medical history was pertinent for mycosis fungoides subtype CTCL diagnosed on the wrist and back 19 years prior to presentation, which had undergone complete remission with narrow-band ultraviolet B radiation (NB-UVB) treatment at that time.
Tier-based skin irritation testing of hair cleansing conditioners and their constituents
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2019
Ernest S. Fung, Rachel M. Novick, Derek A. Drechsel, Kevin M. Towle, Dennis J. Paustenbach, Andrew D. Monnot
In the tier one in silico screening test, behentrimonium methosulphate, behentrimonium chloride, benzyl salicylate, cetrimonium diacetate, dicetyldimonium chloride, hexyl cinnamal, hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (HICC), tocopherol, and vitis vinifera (grape) seed oil received structural alerts for skin irritation. It is important to note that in silico analyses do not consider the concentration of ingredients in the final product when predicting the risk of skin irritation. There is evidence in the literature that some of these compounds or similar compounds may be irritants at certain concentrations. For example, some studies on cetrimonium chloride have indicated that it may be an irritant at concentrations above 1%9. In addition, the SCCS concluded that the “at higher exposures, [HICC] may have some irritant potential for skin…, [however] under conditions of actual use, no irritant effect is to be expected”10, p. 45. A RIFM analysis reported that benzyl salicylate was “essentially non-irritating” at concentrations in cosmetic products likely encountered by consumers11, p. S341. Furthermore, the CIR expert panel concluded that trimoniums, tocopherol, and vitis vinifera (grape) seed oil were widely used in personal care products and were safe to use in the present practices of use and concentration9,12,13. No experimental data were available regarding the skin irritation potential of dicetyldimonium chloride or hexyl cinnamal in the reviewed literature.
Design of minocycline-containing starch nanocapsules for topical delivery
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2018
J. M. Marto, L. F. Gouveia, L. M. D. Gonçalves, H. M. Ribeiro, A. J. Almeida
Minocycline hydrochloride (MH), alcohol, pre-gelatinized starch (Starch 1500), wheat starch and corn starch were obtained from Laboratórios Atral S.A. (Portugal). Ethoxydiglycol (Transcutol® CG) and caprylocaproyl macrogol-8 glycerides (caprylocaproyl) (Labrasol®) were a gift from Gattefossé (Lyon, France). Caprylic/capric triglycerides (Miglyol® 812) were a gift from Sasol Olefins & Surfactants GmbH (Hamburg, Germany). Phenoxyethyl caprylate (Tegosoft® XC), PEG-7 glyceryl cocoate (Tegosoft® GC), ethylhexyl stearate (Tegosoft® OS), diethylhexyl carbonate (Tegosoft® DEC), isopropyl myristate (Tegosoft® M) and decyl oleate (Tegosoft® DO) were a kind gift from Evonik Industries AG (Essem, Germany). Pregelatinized modified starch (Instant Pure-Cote® B793) was a kind gift from Grain Processing Corporation (Washington, USA). Modified starches (Pure-Gel® B990, Pure-Gel® B994, Pure-Cote® B790 and Instant Pure-Cote® B793) were a kind gift from Grain Processing Corporation’s (USA). Polyethylene glycol (Lutrol® E 400) was a gift from BASF (Rheim, Germany). Cetrimonium bromide (cetrimide) was a gift from DS Produtos Químicos (São Domingos de Rana, Portugal). Polysorbate 80 (Tween® 80) was obtained from Merck (Kenilworth, USA). Ethanol was obtained from Carlo Erba Reagents (Cornaredo, Italy). Purified water was obtained by reverse osmosis and electrodeionization (Millipore, Elix 3, Oeiras, Portugal) being afterwards filtered (pore 0.22 µm).