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Industrial Applications
Published in Vlado Valković, Low Energy Particle Accelerator-Based Technologies and Their Applications, 2022
Cesium sources are typically used in the form of cesium chloride, which is extremely dangerous if used as a radiological weapon. It is easily dispersible, water soluble, highly reactive, and remains detrimental to humans and the environment for over 100 years. It is not surprising that 137Cs sources are being phased out. Alternative methods of blood irradiation are urgently needed. Blood irradiation using x-ray tubes and up to 3 MeV electron linacs are currently being developed.
Thallium Imaging in the Evaluation of Breast Malignancies
Published in Raymond Taillefer, Iraj Khalkhali, Alan D. Waxman, Hans J. Biersack, Radionuclide Imaging of the Breast, 2021
Lebowitz et al. [7] implied that Tl-201 would merit evaluation for myocardial visualization as well as tumor imaging because of its physiologic and biologic properties, which were similar to potassium. This group suggested that because of the similarity of thallium to alkaline metals such as cesium, which has previously been shown concentrate in tumors, the use of radiothallium should also be evaluated for this application.
Radiation Hormesis in Cancer
Published in T. D. Luckey, Radiation Hormesis, 2020
Radioactive cesium is produced by nuclear blasts and commercial reactors with a 134Cs/137Cs ratio of 0.5. 134Cs has a half life of 2.06 years; 137Cs, 30.2 years. Both isotopes emit weak beta and gamma rays with each decay. The short half life of 134Cs makes its radioactivity of concern in effluents. This was a problem at Chernobyl for several years. Cesium is used commercially, and is proposed for ion propulsion in space vehicles. Cesium in fallout is a hazard from nuclear explosions and is one of the main pollutants from nuclear fuel reprocessing plants. Brucer noted that radioactive cesium was not a problem in normal nuclear power plant operations before instruments became sensitive enough to measure the minute amounts in the environment.118
Oral formulation of Prussian blue with improved efficacy for prophylactic use against thallium
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2023
Nidhi Sandal, Vivek Kumar, Pooja Sharma, Mahendra Yadav
The binding efficiency of PB depends on concentration, pH, exposure time, particle size, moisture content, storage conditions, etc. The factor emphasized here is the effect of pH. Thus a formulation comprising PB and an antacid was developed. The formulations were characterized for its pharmaceutical parameters and compared with the commercially available capsules Radiogardase®-Cs. In vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies for removal of cesium and Tl were performed to study the efficacy of optimized formulation for prophylactic use in comparison to Radiogardase®-Cs. The results of in vitro and in vivo Tl binding studies showed that FF1–FF4 formulations were more efficacious than Radiogardase®-Cs in simulated gastric fluid/stomach. FF4 blocked the absorption of Cs/Tl from the stomach. So, the formulation FF4 can be used prophylactically for blocking the absorption of radioactive or non-radioactive cesium and Tl from stomach. The FF4 formulation can be recommended for use in rescue responders as one time use medicine.
Cs-131 as an experimental tool for the investigation and quantification of the radiotoxicity of intracellular Auger decays in vitro
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Pil M. Fredericia, Mattia Siragusa, Ulli Köster, Gregory Severin, Torsten Groesser, Mikael Jensen
In this study, we investigate the bio-kinetics of Cs-131 uptake by a cell culture model and use it to investigate the radiotoxicity of Auger emitters. To the best of our present knowledge, cesium is quite evenly distributed throughout the cell. It thus constitutes a ‘dumb’ Auger-therapy agent but is excellently suited for studies of the biological response. The robust dosimetry circumvents the high uncertainty in the absorbed dose calculations, related to biological variations in cell and nuclei sizes and shapes, which might mask the ‘real’ biological response to Auger electrons. Our method is relatively simple to establish and lends itself to many different exposure modifications (dose-rate, oxygen level, scavengers, cell types) and possibly also other radionuclides. We therefore believe it will be an important new tool for the necessary investigation of the underlying mechanism behind the biological effect of Auger-electron emitters.
A review of the impact on the ecosystem after ionizing irradiation: wildlife population
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Georgetta Cannon, Juliann G. Kiang
Twenty-one years later after the Chernobyl power plant explosion, various isotopes of plutonium, strontium-90, americium-241, and cesium-137 were still detected at high levels causing adverse biological effects across the nearby areas (Voitsekhovych et al. 2007). Wildlife continued to be exposed to substantial radiation doses after humans were evacuated from these areas. The half-life of cesium-137 is approximately 30 years and it decays by β emission to a metastable isomer of barium-137. The half-life of barium-137 isomer is 2 minutes. Subsequently, the metastable isomer emits γ radiation and becomes ground state barium (Baum et al. 2002). Food or water contaminated with cesium-137 that are ingested lead to internal β and γ radiation doses in addition to external radiation doses. The half-life of cesium-134 is about 2 years. Cesium-134 emits β particles. The half-life of strontium-90 is approximately 29 years. Strontium-90 emits pure β radiation. Most of the plutonium isotopes emit α particles, which are ionizing and harmful, but have a short penetration distance. The half-life of plutonium-241 is approximately 14 years. It emits β radiation to become americium-241. The half-life of americium-241 is 432 years, and it emits α particles to become neptunium-237, with a by-product of γ emissions (Baum et al. 2002). This is the composition of radiation released and retained in the soil, water and air across the Chernobyl landscape. In addition to external radiation exposure, ingestion of contaminated food and water by wildlife occurred from the beginning of the disaster and continues to the present.