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Fungi and Water
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Cephalosporin compounds were first isolated from the mold Cephalosporium acremonium (nowadays this fungus is known as Acremonium chysogenum) from a sewage outfall in Sardinia in 1948 by Italian scientist Giuseppe Brotzu (142, 144). Cephalosporins have bactericidal properties, and their structure contains a β-lactam ring, as do penicillins (144). Cephalosporins are β-lactam antibiotics. Cephalosporins can be administrated by oral, intramuscular, or intravenous mode. The cephalosporin antibiotics interfere with cell-wall synthesis of bacteria, leading to the breakdown of infectious bacteria (144). Cephalosporins are classified into five generations according to their microbial spectrum (142, 144). Each generation contains about some cephalosporin compounds and has preferential antimicrobial activity against Gram + or Gram – bacteria. Some cephalosporins can be active against both kinds of Gram bacteria (144).
Critical Appraisal of Animal Models for Antibiotic Toxicity
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Patricia D. Williams, Girard H. Hottendorf
Cephalosporin antibiotics possess activity against gram-positive as well as gram-negative organisms. Such compounds as cephaloridine, cephalothin, cefazolin, cephapirin, cephalexin, ceforanide, and cefamandole belong to this class of β-lactam antibiotics. Though some cephalosporins are widely perceived as possessing nephrotoxic potential in humans [20], the documentation of such effects is not only very limited but is somewhat unconvincing due to the presence of other potential causes of renal dysfunction in those reports [21,22]. Like the aminoglycosides, the nephrotoxicity of cephalosporins in experimental animals is also localized in the proximal tubule of the nephron [23,24]. Like its relatives the penicillins, cephalosporins have been associated with hypersensitivity reactions resulting in acute interstitial nephritis [25,26],
Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS)-Guided Prostate Biopsy
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Gyan Pareek, Jasjit S. Suri, Prostate Cancer Imaging, 2018
Jennifer Fantasia, Dragan Golijanin, Boris Gershman
Infectious complications have received growing attention in recent years given increasing risk of serious infectious complications following prostate biopsy (Loeb et al. 2011). Peri-procedural antibiotic prophylaxis mitigates this risk. Identified risk factors include healthcare workers, prior antibiotic exposure within 6 months, and recent international travel to areas with high rates of resistance (Anderson et al. 2015). AUA guidelines recommend that all patients undergoing prostate biopsy receive antibiotic prophylaxis against coliform, or intestinal, bacteria including E. coli, klebsiella, proteus, enterobacter, serrattia, enterococcus, and anaerobes (Wolf et al. 2008). However, since the clinical introduction of prostate biopsy, antimicrobial resistance patterns have significantly increased, correlating with a 4% increase in the risk of hospitalization, largely due to the infectious complications of TRUS prostate biopsy in the setting of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Nam et al. 2010). Currently, the AUA guidelines published in 2014 still recommend either fluoroquinolone-based or first-, second-, or third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic prophylaxis as a first-line therapy, for a duration of <24 hours. Alternative prophylactic regimens include Bactrim and aminoglycosides or aztreonam.
In vitro and in silico β-lactamase inhibitory properties and phytochemical profile of Ocimum basilicum cultivated in central delta of Egypt
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Nagwa A. Shoeib, Lamiaa A. Al-Madboly, Amany E. Ragab
The misuse of antibiotics particularly β-lactams resulted in the emergence of multi-drug resistant organisms; therefore, controlling infectious diseases encounters many problems. Resistance of Escherichia coli to β-lactams antibiotics is usually triggered by intrinsic β-lactamases that are able to hydrolyse the β-lactam ring of such molecules (Fam et al. 2011). To solve this problem, extended spectrum cephalosporins were initially introduced as therapeutic antibiotics in the mid-1980s; however, extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) have emerged in several hospitals all over the world (Fam et al. 2011). Such enzymes confer resistance to cephalosporins as well as related oxyimino-β-lactams including cefotaxime, ceftazidime and aztreonam. Moreover, ESBLs and especially CTX-M variants were considered the major mechanisms involved in the resistance to cephalosporin antibiotics among Enterobacteriaceae, particularly, E. coli (Antonopoulos et al. 2019). Consequently, searching for β-lactamase inhibitors, particularly of natural sources, may be of great value.
Evaluating intraoperative norepinephrine versus fresh frozen plasma in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC to reduce renal insult
Published in Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2022
Mohamed Adly, Mohamed Shalaby, Mohamed H Zedan, Walaa Y Elsabeeny
In the holding area, patients were pre-medicated with 2 mg intravenous (IV) midazolam after fixation of 20 G cannula. Before induction of anesthesia, pulse oximetry, electrocardiogram (ECG) and non-invasive automated blood pressure monitors were connected to the patient. Induction of anesthesia was done by propofol 2 mg/kg, fentanyl 2µ/kg and rocuronium 0.5 mg/kg followed by endotracheal intubation and controlled mechanical ventilation with 50% Fio2. Then anesthesia was maintained using positive pressure ventilation, tidal volume 6–8 ml/kg with end tidal sevoflurane 1.5–2.5% and rocuronium. Starting from induction of anesthesia, heart rate (HR), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and invasive blood pressure monitoring using General Electric Datex- Ohmeda 3030, Carestation 620 B40 monitor (Madison, USA), core body temperature, end tidal CO2 and urine output were continuously monitored. Ultrasound guided central venous line insertion was done after induction of anesthesia. First generation cephalosporin antibiotic was given 30 minutes prior to skin incision; a booster dose was given after 4 hours. Core body temperature was continuously monitored using nasopharyngeal probe, where during the hyperthermic chemotherapy phase the infused fluids flow was managed to keep the increase in temperature less than 0.5°C every minute while hypothermia was managed through forced warm air and heated matters.
Antimicrobial safety considerations in critically ill patients: part II: focused on anti-microbial toxicities
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Foroud Shahbazi, Lida Shojaei, Fakhrossadat Farvadi, Sara Kadivarian
The risk of under-dosing may be higher than the possible toxicity of antibiotics; however, monitoring of patients with AKI for central nervous system side effects of antimicrobials, including seizure and delirium, bone marrow suppression, drug-interactions, and differentiation between sepsis and antibiotic complications should be considered. Unfortunately, these side effects may be missed due to other differential diagnoses such as non-convulsive seizure, delirium, and cerebrovascular accidents. Cephalosporin antibiotics should never be neglected as a cause of non-convulsive seizure [149]. Minimizing polypharmacy, agents with lower potential pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic interactions, and use of a minimum number of nephrotoxic agents or combinations are effective ways to reduce antibiotic-associated complications in critically ill patients. However, avoidance of agents with higher complications like polymyxins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, vancomycin, and amphotericin B is not practical in all situations. We discourage empirical use of amphotericin B especially in CKD and bone marrow transplant patients. Some experimental preparations such as levocarnitine, angiotensin II, and reltecimod have been used for sepsis-related AKI [150]. However, further randomized controlled studies are needed to clarify the role of these compounds in sepsis or drug-induced AKI.