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In Vitro Tests for Adverse Drug Reactions Based on Cytokine Release
Published in Kirsti Kauppinen, Kristiina Alanko, Matti Hannuksela, Howard Maibach, Skin Reactions to Drugs, 2020
Similarly, positive MIF responses to the offending.drugs have been recorded in isolated cases and small groups of patients manifesting a variety of cutaneous drug reactions induced by a variety of drugs.32–48 These include psoriasiform eruption induced by propranolol,32 digoxin,33 and anticonvulsants,34 lichenoid eruption induced by hydrochlorothiazide,35 quinidine-induced photodistributed lichenoid eruption (3 of 4 patients) and eczematous photodermatitis (1 of 2 patients),36 purpurial eruption induced by carbromal,37 lupus erythematosus induced by isoniaside,38 bullous pemphigoid induced by furosemide (2 patients),39 pemphigus vulgaris induced by ampicillin (3 patients),40 diclofenac-induced urticaria and purpura,41 vasculitis induced by coumadin42 and Decapeptyl®,43 pityriasis rosea induced by ketotifen44 and by antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drugs (2 patients),45 fixed drug eruption induced by methylphenidate,46 erythema multiforme and hypersensitivity myocarditis caused by ampicillin,47 and generalized pustular drug eruptions (5 of 6 patients).48 In several of the cases described, positive MIF responses recorded for the offending drugs were associated with positive rat mast cell degranulation test results,34,41,42,44,45,48 suggesting the co-existence of drug-induced CMI and immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions.
Depressants
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
Some non-prescription medications (e.g. Bromo-Seltzer, Dr. Miles’ Nervine) formerly contained bromides, but none currently available in the USA contain bromides. However, patients may still have access to the older preparations. Some prescription drugs contain bromides. Other preparations that release bromide, such as bromisovalum (Bromural) and carbromal, can lead to chronic bromide toxicity. Well water containing as little as 20 mg of bromide per liter has caused toxicity. Toxic signs from bromides occur in 1–10% of users, but fatalities from bromides alone are rare. Bromide displaces chloride from the plasma and cells; this produces depression of the central nervous system. Pathologic findings are pneumonia and pulmonary edema.
Synthesis of nanocapsules blended polymeric hydrogel loaded with bupivacaine drug delivery system for local anesthetics and pain management
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Wentao Deng, Yu Yan, Peipei Zhuang, Xiaoxu Liu, Ke Tian, Wenfang Huang, Cai Li
Vertical Franz-type diffusion cells with a cross-sectional area of 6 cm2 and a cell volume of 7.0 mL were used in vitro skin permeation investigations. A peritoneal injection of Carbrital was used to anesthetize rats. To avoid damaging the stratum corneum, the fur on the abdomen area of the mice was gently shaved with an electrical shaver. The adhering fat and subcutaneous tissue were removed along with the skin from the abdomen surface. The dorsal side of the stripped skin was pointing upwards and knotted at the donor compartment. In vitro skin permeation tests of BPV from various formulations were conducted in a Franz glass diffusion cell at 37 °C under non-occlusive circumstances. At 37 ± 0.5 °C, the receptor compartment was filled with 7 mL of PBS (pH 7.0) containing 2% (w/w) anhydrous ethanol, and the solution was constantly agitated at 200 rpm by a magnetic stirrer. On the epidermal surface of the skin, BPV drugs loaded CS-GP hydrogel, BPV drugs loaded CS-GP/PC polymeric hydrogel, and free BPV drug (each formula contains 2% BPV) formulations were applied. At 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, and 48 h, 0.5 mL aliquots were extracted. After each sampling, the same amount of PBS solution kept at 37 °C was replaced in the receptor compartment. HPLC analysis was used to determine the samples, as mentioned in Section 2.9.