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Endangered Medicinal Plants of Temperate Regions: Conservation and Maintenance
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
V. jatamansi can be grown on steep barren land with no waterlogging. In the plains, there should be a proper drainage system (Chakraborty et al., 2015b). According to the necessity, weeding should be done and the land should be plowed 2-3 times. Well friable bed is more productive compared to clotted soil. Soil should be treated with carbofuran (2.5 kg/ha) for control of various nematodes and pests. Well pulverized soil for seed germination and sandy-loam soil with good water holding capacity for transplanting is advocated. Shading on cultivation land becomes very remunerative for its cultivation up to a certain extent (Chakraborty et al., 2015d). Work conducted under various shading option during 2010 to 2013 at Sukhiapokhri (Darjeeling) revealed that maximum rhizome yield, leaf yield, total crop yield was registered with the 40% shading (Table 9.7).
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Chlorpyrifos and coumaphos are both OP insecticides; chlorpyrifos is used on both crops and livestock, but coumaphos is used exclusively on animals. Carbofuran, a carbamate insecticide, is used on crops. Pendimethalin and trifluralin are herbicides used on annual grasses and broadleaf weeds among crops, and metalazyl is a fungicide used on crops and in soil treatment for disease control. The acute toxicities of these pesticides vary from slightly toxic (pendimethalin) to highly toxic (coumaphos and carbofuran).1167 Chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, and carbofuran all inhibit AChE to varying degrees.1167 Thus, it is unlikely that the observations for these six chemicals could result from some common use pattern or toxicity. Although the findings for these unrelated pesticides make it difficult to speculate on a potential mechanism, the results do suggest that pesticide exposures that do not result in poisonings may be a risk factor for MI in women.
Analytical Toxicology of Vitreous Humor
Published in Steven H. Y. Wong, Iraving Sunshine, Handbook of Analytical Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology, 2017
Ferslew et al.79 reported a suicidal ingestion of carbofuran, a carbamate insecticide with cholinesterase-inhibiting properties. In addition to reporting the concentration of the insecticide in various specimens (plasma, serum, whole blood, erythrocytes, vitreous humor, and bile), they also examined the cholinesterase activity in each of these specimens and compared the results with normal/expected values. Because cholinesterase activity data were not previously known for vitreous humor or bile, specimens from 18 other autopsies in the same office were used to establish control values. They found that cholinesterase activity was inhibited in all specimens collected from the decedent, by proportions ranging from 74% (bile) to 99% (erythrocytes) of normal.
Acute organophosphate and carbamate pesticide poisonings – a five-year survey from the National Poison Control Center Of Serbia
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Žana M. Maksimović, Jasmina Jović-Stošić, Slavica Vučinić, Nataša Perković-Vukčević, Gordana Vuković-Ercegović, Ranko Škrbić, Miloš P. Stojiljković
Clinical studies show that the mortality rate associated with intentional poisonings with carbofuran is around 2.2% and that it is lower compared to other CPs and OPPs (Lamb et al.2016). Methomyl poisoning was recorded in 6 patients, half of whom had severe intoxications. The majority of developed countries prohibited the usage of methomyl due to its high toxicity, but cases of methomyl poisoning are still being recorded even in countries where its usage is prohibited (Boucaud-Maitre et al.2019). Sri Lanka, a country where pesticides are the most common cause of suicidal poisonings, has prohibited the use of carbofuran, carbaryl, dimethoate, and chlorpyrifos in 2014, reducing the morbidity and mortality rate of pesticide poisonings by 50% within 3 years (Rathish et al.2018). Likely, other, less toxic OPPs will replace them and become more commonly used. The case fatality from OPP poisonings is higher compared to other pesticides in the same WHO Hazard Class, such as neonicotinoids, pyrethroids, and other non-cholinesterase pesticides (Rambabu et al. 2021). AChE inhibited by CP will be spontaneously reactivated and oxime administration is not recommended. In carbaryl intoxication, oximes even potentiate its toxicity (Faragó 1969, Lieske et al.1992).
Effect of pesticide ban on suicide trend – a 20-year study from a tertiary care center in Central Kerala from 2001 to 2020
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
M. Indira, Manu Johns Chowallur, Aryamol M. K., Chien-Yu Lin, Shu-Sen Chang, Mannil Sooraj, Jithin Thomas
Previous studies from Kerala showed that carbofuran (available as 3% granular form) was the commonest pesticide used for deliberate poisoning and had high case fatality ratio [17,18]. Our study shows drastic reduction of identified carbofuran cases after 2011. Average number of identified cases per year was lower after 2011 for all those pesticides banned in 2011 including paraquat. Studies from Taiwan support the evidence that the ban on paraquat effectively reduced pesticide suicide rate mainly due to the reduction in paraquat suicide in the country [19]. Ban on the import and production of paraquat in Taiwan in 2018 resulted in a reduction of pesticide suicide in the next year mainly due to a reduction in paraquat suicides [20,21]. No regulations for quinalphos and zinc phosphide were issued in Kerala and the identified numbers are higher after 2011. Chlorpyrifos, lambda cyhalothrin, and cypermethrin were restricted in 2015 only, and they are identified more frequently in autopsy after 2011.
The adverse effects of carbofuran are efficiently counteracted by the supplementation of star anise (Illicium verum) in broiler chicks
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Ashiq Ali, Aisha Khatoon, Zain Ul Abidin, Sajjad Hussain, Muhammad Kashif Saleemi, Rao Zahid Abbas, Muhammad Tariq Javed, Shafia Tehseen Gul, Farzana Rizvi
Extensive use of different insecticides/pesticides upon agricultural crops has been observed since past few decades to eradicate pests and different vector-borne diseases. Besides targeted pests, some non-targeted organisms like invertebrates and organisms of surrounding ecosystem are also being affected through this practice (Ramesh et al. 2015). Different insecticides/pesticides have varying toxic effects in animals and human and carbamates have toxic mechanisms similar to organophosphates; but the former has much shorter half-life and are less toxic (Gbadegesine et al.2010). The use of carbamate as a substitute of organophosphate has resulted in their excessive accumulation in the environment. The widespread use of carbofuran (CF) in agriculture leads to the contamination of food, water, and air that consequently has deleterious effects upon the health of humans and animals (Gera et al. 2011).