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Cholinergic Agonists
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Rupali Patil, Aman Upaganlawar
The carbamate insecticides used extensively as garden insecticides are carbaryl, aldicarb, and propoxur that inhibit ChE in a pattern similar to other carbamoylation inhibitors. The symptoms of poisoning closely resemble those of the OPs (Baron, 1991; Ecobichon, 2000). Carbaryl has particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption. It is used topically for control of head lice in some countries. Not all carbamates in garden formulations are ChE inhibitors; the dithiocarbamates are fungicidal (Brunton, 2011).
Genital itching
Published in Manu Shah, Ariyaratne de Silva, The Male Genitalia, 2018
Manu Shah, Ariyaratne de Silva
For eradication of the lice, lotions are more effective than shampoos and should be applied to all body hair. A second application within one week may be required. The treatment options are: malathion 0.5%. Apply to dry hair and wash off after 12 hours orcarbaryl 0.5%. Apply to dry hair and wash off after two hours (not licensed for pubic lice in the UK) orphenothrin 0.2%. Apply to dry hair and wash off after two hours orpermethrin 1% cream. Apply to damp hair and wash off after 10 minutes.
Drug profiles: generic names A–Z
Published in Jerome Z. Litt, Neil H. Shear, Litt's Drug Eruption & Reaction Manual, 2017
Note: Pralidoxime is not effective in the treatment of poisoning due to phosphorus, inorganic phosphates, or organophosphates not having anticholinesterase activity. Pralidoxime is not indicated as an antidote for intoxication by pesticides of the carbamate class since it may increase the toxicity of carbaryl. In therapy it has been difficult to differentiate side effects due to the drug from those due to the effects of the poison.
Acute organophosphate and carbamate pesticide poisonings – a five-year survey from the National Poison Control Center Of Serbia
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Žana M. Maksimović, Jasmina Jović-Stošić, Slavica Vučinić, Nataša Perković-Vukčević, Gordana Vuković-Ercegović, Ranko Škrbić, Miloš P. Stojiljković
Clinical studies show that the mortality rate associated with intentional poisonings with carbofuran is around 2.2% and that it is lower compared to other CPs and OPPs (Lamb et al.2016). Methomyl poisoning was recorded in 6 patients, half of whom had severe intoxications. The majority of developed countries prohibited the usage of methomyl due to its high toxicity, but cases of methomyl poisoning are still being recorded even in countries where its usage is prohibited (Boucaud-Maitre et al.2019). Sri Lanka, a country where pesticides are the most common cause of suicidal poisonings, has prohibited the use of carbofuran, carbaryl, dimethoate, and chlorpyrifos in 2014, reducing the morbidity and mortality rate of pesticide poisonings by 50% within 3 years (Rathish et al.2018). Likely, other, less toxic OPPs will replace them and become more commonly used. The case fatality from OPP poisonings is higher compared to other pesticides in the same WHO Hazard Class, such as neonicotinoids, pyrethroids, and other non-cholinesterase pesticides (Rambabu et al. 2021). AChE inhibited by CP will be spontaneously reactivated and oxime administration is not recommended. In carbaryl intoxication, oximes even potentiate its toxicity (Faragó 1969, Lieske et al.1992).
Pyrethroid based pesticides – chemical and biological aspects
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Anandha Rao Ravula, Suresh Yenugu
CAs are derived from carbamic acid and the first one among this class, carbaryl, was introduced in 1956 as a lawn and garden insecticide. Its broad-spectrum insect control activity and low toxicity to mammals allowed it to be a preferred choice. CAs are less persistent in the environment unlike OPs and OCs and are rapidly detoxified in animal tissues. The mode of action of CAs is similar to that of OPs as both are inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). While CAs inhibit AChE activity by phosphorylation resulting in the formation of a reversible complex, OPs form an irreversible complex (Darvesh et al. 2008). Since CAs are considered to be safer than OPs, as they exhibit reversible action on AChE and do not cause severe poisoning in cholinergic pathway (Silva et al. 2013), they are proposed as therapeutic drugs (physostigmine derived from Physostigma venenosum) for neuromuscular disorders such as myasthenia gravis.
Effects of anatomical location on in vivo percutaneous penetration in man
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Jordan L. Bormann, Howard I. Maibach
Maibach et al.12 quantified percutaneous penetration of organophosphate chemicals frequently used as pesticides, malathion and parathion. Each pesticide was applied in several anatomic sites and left in place for 24 h. The radiolabeled pesticide’s absorption was then measured via 5 day urine analysis. Only parathion was tested on the scrotum; this anatomical location proved most penetrable of all sites tested and was 11 times more penetrable than forearm. Malathion was placed on the forearm, palm, ball of foot, abdomen, hand dorsum, forehead, and axilla. Of all locations, malathion was most penetrable in the axilla (Table 1). Carbaryl was tested on the forearm and jaw angle; however, it was nearly completely absorbed at both sites (Table 1)12.