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Biotransformation of Sesquiterpenoids, Ionones, Damascones, Adamantanes, and Aromatic Compounds by Green Algae, Fungi, and Mammals
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Yoshinori Asakawa, Yoshiaki Noma
Capsicum annuum contains capsaicin (596), and its homologues having an alkylvanillylamides possess various interesting biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, saliva- and stomach juice–inducing activity, analgesic, antigenotoxic, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, antirheumatoid arthritis, and diabetic neuropathy and are used as food additives. On the other hand, because of potent pungency and irritation on skin and mucous membrane, it has not yet been permitted as medicinal drug. In order to reduce this typical pungency and application of nonpungent capsaicin metabolites to the crude drug, capsaicin (596) (600 mg) including 30% of dihydrocapsaicin (600) was incubated in Czapek-peptone medium including A. niger for 7 days to give three metabolites, w1-hydroxylated capsaicin (597, 60.9%), 8,9-dihydro-w1-hydroxycapsaicin (598%, 16%), and a carboxylic acid (599, 13.6%). All of the metabolites do not show pungency (Figure 23.166).
Herbal Plants as Potential Bioavailability Enhancers
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Plant- and Marine-Based Phytochemicals for Human Health, 2018
Josline Y. Salib, Sayed A. El-Toumy
Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is the active component of chili peppers (Capsicum annuum). It is an irritant for mammals, including humans, and produces a sensation of burning in any tissue with which it comes into contact.
Impact of UV Radiation on the Growth and Pharmaceutical Properties of Medicinal Plants
Published in Azamal Husen, Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Deepti, Archana (Joshi) Bachheti, Kiran Chauhan, Rakesh Kumar Bachheti, Azamal Husen
Like other plants, medicinal plants are also exposed to all kinds of UV radiation (UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C) present in sunlight, as they use sunlight for photosynthesis. Of these, UV-C gets trapped by the ozone layer and UV-A and UV-B reach the Earth’s surface. Plants can sense and respond to UV radiation. It is known that UV radiation can cause harm to the plant by damaging its physiological activities and genes but, in some studies, it has been found that UV radiation stress leads to an elevation in concentrations of secondary metabolites (Table 3.2). The effect of the UV-B study on secondary metabolites production is mainly focused on UV-B screening of phenolic compounds which are a kind of phytochemical that exhibits several human health benefits such as antioxidative and anticarcinogenic characteristics (Holst and Williamson, 2004; Schreiner et al., 2009). The oxidative stress is reduced by phenolics by balancing the redox status (Kumari et al., 2009b). Many studies have suggested thedirect dependency of the amount of phenolic compound and antioxidant properties in blueberries (Eichholz et al., 2011), and sweet flag (Kumari et al., 2009b). Some research also provides a result that these secondary metabolites also act as a UV protector by absorbing light between 270 to 290 nm. Rosmarinus officinalis, which contains the bioactive compound rosemary acid, shows anti-inflammatory properties which have several health benefits on overcoming inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis, allergies, and asthma. The overall yield of these substances can be increased by exposing these plants to UV-B treatment (Luis et al., 2007). For instance, cynaroside (falvone) concentrations get increased in Capsicum annum (Solanaceae) under UV radiation stress (Ellenberger et al., 2020). Zhong et al. (2019) also reported that in Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae), the phytochemicals catharanthine and vindoline (indole alkaloid) get increased in UV-B radiation stress. According to Higashio et al. (2007), the concentration of plants’ secondary metabolism can be affected by UV-B treatment which is an application of abiotic stress. The content of ascorbic acid, flavonoids, and tocopherols in aromatic medical plants can be increased by ultraviolet supplements (Higashio et al., 2007; Kumari and Agrawal, 2010).
Effects of Calendula officinalis and Capsicum annum glycolic extracts on planktonic cells and biofilms of multidrug-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Published in Biofouling, 2023
Ana Luiza do Rosário Palma, Pamela Beatriz do Rosário Estevam dos Santos, Thais Cristine Pereira, Maria Cristina Marcucci, Alexandra Cristina Helena Frankland Sawaya, Luciane Dias de Oliveira
The butanol extract of Capsicum annuum (C. annuum) fruit revealed high antimicrobial activity pointed out in the study carried out by Careaga et al. (2003). The authors obtained, through the ethanolic extract (100 mg mL−1) of C. annuum, a relatively high antimicrobial activity against Micrococcus sp. (20 mm), Bacillus (10 mm), E. coli (17 mm), Pseudomonas sp. (16 mm) and Citrobacter sp. (15 mm) (Careaga et al. 2003). Therapeutic effects were also be observed in the plant extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary). This plant has phytocompounds, which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, antitumor and protective, inhibitory and attenuating activities. Rosemary demonstrated to be effective in reducing biofilm formation, one of the most important virulence mechanisms when it comes to multidrug-resistant bacteria (Oliveira et al. 2019).
Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carrier-based nanotherapeutics for the treatment of psoriasis
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Capsaicin is the main constituent of the plant Capsicum annum belonging to the family Solanaceae. It functions majorly at the primary afferent neurons of C-fibers in the nerves of somatic sensory system [41]. The anti-inflammatory property of capsaicin is attributed to the production of nitric oxide in peripheral macrophages, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) inhibition and release of substance P [42]. In a study, capsaicin has also been found to translate hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) gene in hyperproliferated psoriatic skin [43]. A double-blind study was carried out on patients with moderate and severe psoriasis. After 6 weeks of topical capsaicin treatment, a significant reduction in erythema, redness, itching, and scaling was observed which disappeared upon continued use. These outcomes suggested the application of capsaicin in curing psoriasis [44].
Influence of a Novel Food-Grade Formulation of Red Chili Extract (Capsicum annum) on Overweight Subjects: Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2021
Ashil Joseph, MSc, Febi John, PhD, Jestin V. Thomas, MSc, Syam Das, PhD Sivadasan, Balu Maliakel, PhD, Ratheesh Mohan, PhD, Krishnakumar I. M.
Natural compounds or extracts having antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, thermogenic, lipolytic and hypolipidemic activities as well as the inhibitors of lipogenesis and adipogenesis have shown to be of great therapeutic importance in weight management (Karri et al. 2019). Calcium and potassium salts of hydroxy citric acids derived from Garcinia combogia have been reported as the inhibitors of lipogenesis to prevent the conversion of carbohydrates to fat (Heymsfield et al. 1998). Phytonutrients like resveratrol, genistein, catechins, ginseng root extract and p-synephrine in bitter orange were shown to offer some benefits in obesity due to their antioxidant effects (Stohs et al. 2012; Mousavi et al. 2019). Capsaicinoids, the pungent principles of Chili pepper (Capsicum annum and Capsicum frutescens), is yet another substance that has been demonstrated to possess various pharmacological activities including fat metabolism (lipolysis), adipogenesis, energy-burning (thermogenesis), anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic effects beneficial for weight management (Janssens et al. 2013; Chen et al. 2015; Clark and Lee 2016).