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Bones and fractures
Published in Henry J. Woodford, Essential Geriatrics, 2022
The key components of bone are proteins (especially collagen), cells and calcium salts. Osteoblasts are the cells that form new bone and osteoclasts are the cells that resorb it. They work in balance and, in healthy bone, this produces a constant remodelling process. Their action is coordinated by a number of growth factors, cytokines and hormones. There are two distinct types of bone, termed ‘cortical' and ‘cancellous' (or ‘trabecular'). Long bones are mainly composed of cortical bone and bones of other shapes are mainly composed of cancellous bone (e.g. the pelvis and vertebrae). The metabolism of bone is influenced by a number of external factors. Bone acts as a reservoir of calcium. Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) influence its turnover in order to regulate serum calcium levels. The relationship between vitamin D and PTH is shown in Figure 16.1. They are discussed further, along with calcitonin, below.
Diagnosis and Prediction of Type-2 Chronic Kidney Disease Using Machine Learning Approaches
Published in Meenu Gupta, Rachna Jain, Arun Solanki, Fadi Al-Turjman, Cancer Prediction for Industrial IoT 4.0: A Machine Learning Perspective, 2021
Ritu Aggarwal, Prateek Thakral
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health issue according to global public health data. In the world's total population, approximately 10% of people are affected by this disease, but in China, the percentage factor is more, and in the United States, the range prevalence is approximately 10–20%. The term “chronic disease” means the normal and regular blood filtering process in kidney cells is slowing or has been degrading for a long time. This condition is due to the heavy buildup of fluid in the human body and collection of excessive calcium salts and other protein intake. The kidneys eventually lose renal function if the symptoms are not detected at the early stages of kidney disease [1]. The detection of poor renal function and kidney failure occurs when 28% of the kidney is damaged [2]. The right amount of salts in the body are necessary to control the activated hormones, red blood cells (RBCs), and the excessive amount of calcium, which also can rise due to sudden illness and allergies in some people, called acute kidney disease [3].
Inhalation Toxicity of Metal Particles and Vapors
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Calcium salts are considered nontoxic except at very high doses. Inhalation of moderately caustic calcium oxide or hydroxide causes chemical pneumonia and severe irritation of the upper respiratory tract. In humans, inhalation of calcium cyanamide causes transient vasomotor disturbances of the upper portion of the body; higher doses cause dermatitis, permanent vasomotor changes, and dyspnea (DeLarrad and Lazarini, 1954).
Relationship between serum parathyroid hormone levels and abdominal aortic calcification in patients starting hemodialysis who have never taken calcium tablets, calcitriol, or vitamin D analogs
Published in Renal Failure, 2022
Jin He, Xiaoyan Sun, Rongjian Nie, Lin Zhao
Currently, calcium tablets, calcium-containing phosphorus binders, calcitriol, and vitamin D analogs are widely used to treat mineral metabolism abnormalities. The DOPPS study found that up to 52% of participants received vitamin D supplementation; 72.9% of participants used calcium-containing phosphorus binders for the control of hyperphosphatemia [8]. However, improper use of the above drugs may lead to adverse clinical consequences. For example, prolonged and disproportionate consumption of vitamin D supplements may lead to excessive inhibition of PTH and aggravation of vascular calcification [26,27]; and the use of high-dose calcium salts (oral calcium tablets or calcium-based phosphate binders) can easily lead to hypercalcemia, resulting in low serum PTH levels and vascular calcification [28,29]. Therefore, it is difficult to draw reliable conclusions about the association between PTH and AAC in the CKD population taking calcium tablets, calcium-containing phosphorus binders, calcitriol, or vitamin D analogs.
Microemulsion for topical delivery of fenoprofen calcium: in vitro and in vivo evaluation
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2018
Dalia Ali Farghaly, Ahmed A. Aboelwafa, Manal Y. Hamza, Magdy I. Mohamed
Fenoprofen, a propionic acid derivative, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used in the management of pain, inflammation and stiffness associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also used to relieve mild to moderate pain. It is given as the calcium salt (dihydrate). Oral therapy of fenoprofen calcium (FPCa) is effective, but the clinical use is often limited because of the risk of severe gastrointestinal adverse effects such as irritation, ulceration and gastric bleeding (Sweetman, 2011). Therefore, topical administration of FPCa could be expected to be effective in avoiding the oral side effects as well as for targeting the drug to inflamed skin.
Safety and effectiveness of lanthanum carbonate for hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients: a meta-analysis
Published in Renal Failure, 2021
Lijuan Zhao, An Liu, Guoshuang Xu
Meta-analysis of four studies showed a significantly lower risk in mortality with LC treatment in comparison to non-LC PBs (RR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.45, 0.92; p = 0.016, Figure 5(A)). However, no significant difference in mortality risk was identified between LC and calcium salt groups (Figure 5(A)).