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Chemical Factors
Published in Michael J. Kennish, Ecology of Estuaries Physical and Chemical Aspects, 2019
River water is mainly a solution of calcium bicarbonate.1 In a positive or normal estuary, therefore, where freshwater discharge maintains adequate mixing and a longitudinal gradient of increasing salinity develops in a downestuary direction, higher ratios of carbonate and sulfate to chloride and of calcium to sodium are found when compared with seawater. In a negative estuary, where a longitudinal gradient of increasing salinity occurs in an upestuary direction, the ratios of carbonate and sulfate to chloride and of calcium to sodium are lower than in seawater.
Kidney Function and Uremia
Published in Sirshendu De, Anirban Roy, Hemodialysis Membranes, 2017
The loop of Henle has three distinct parts—thin ascending, thin descending, and thick ascending segments. The thin segments have thin epithelial membranes with minimum metabolic activity and conversely the thick segments have thicker epithelial cells with high metabolic activity. Both the ascending limbs (thick and thin) are impermeable to water, and these are responsible for the concentration of urine. The whole of water reabsorption, in the loop of Henle, occurs in the thin descending limb. Sodium, chloride, and potassium are reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb, along with calcium, bicarbonate, and magnesium.
COVID-19 subphenotypes at hospital admission are associated with mortality: a cross-sectional study
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Kathryn Dubowski, Giovanna T. Braganza, Anne Bozack, Elena Colicino, Nicholas DeFelice, Laura McGuinn, Duncan Maru, Alison G. Lee
We obtained clinical and laboratory data from the first 24 h of the patient’s first hospitalization that met inclusion criteria. Only variables with data available from at least 60% of participants or variables with a strong biological basis based on prior studies [erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1B)] were included. For variables with repeated observations, we identified the worst value recorded within 24 h of admission. Clinical variables included lowest oxygen saturation, lowest systolic and diastolic blood pressure, highest heart rate, and highest temperature within the first 24 h. Laboratory variables examined included inflammatory markers [C-reactive protein (CRP), ESR, IL-6, IL-1B, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), procalcitonin, ferritin]; hematologic markers [white blood cell (WBC), hemoglobin, platelets, d-dimer, fibrinogen, prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT)); cardiac markers (troponin, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)]; and renal and hepatic markers (alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, total bilirubin, sodium, potassium, calcium, bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, anion gap, glucose. Laboratory values above the laboratory-defined limit of detection were assigned the value at the limit of detection.
Longitudinal analysis of electrolyte prolife in intensive care COVID-19 patients
Published in Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2023
Mohammed F. Abosamak, Ivan Szergyuk, Maria Helena Santos de Oliveira, Sara Mathkar Almutairi, Jawza Salem Alharbi, Stefanie W. Benoit, Giuseppe Lippi, Marianna Tovt-Korshynska, Brandon Michael Henry
Serum levels of electrolytes, including total serum sodium, potassium, chloride, albumin-corrected calcium, bicarbonate, phosphate, and magnesium, were recorded on ICU admission, as well as every following day of ICU stay, until death or discharge. The levels were quantified using an Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) (Roche Cobas 8000; Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland). We also extracted data on patients’ baseline characteristics, comorbidities, acute organ injuries, and medication use from their medical records. Acute cardiac injury (ACI) was defined as serum level of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (cTnT) above the upper limit of normal (>100 ng/L) at any point during hospital stay [22]. AKI was defined as increase in serum creatinine by ≥26.5 μmol/L within 48 hours after ICU admission [23]. Acute liver injury (ALI) was defined as over 3× the upper normal limit of serum alanine transaminase (ALT > 123 U/L) and/or aspartate transaminase (AST > 120 U/L), and/or over 2× the upper normal limit of alkaline phosphatase (ALP >260 U/L), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP > 122 U/L), and/or total bilirubin (TBIL > 34.2 μmol/L) at any point during hospital stay [24].