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Aflatoxins
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
María J. Andrade, Elena Bermúdez, Alicia Rodríguez, Mar Rodríguez, Juan J. Córdoba
During postharvest, decontamination techniques could be used for reducing the hazard associated with aflatoxins in food, with adsorbents being one of the most promising and practical strategies. They may be included in feed or food or taken separately to reduce the absorption of aflatoxins in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing further steps of mycotoxin distribution and metabolism.14 Several clay materials, including activated charcoal, bentonite, zeolite, glucomannans, and hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), have shown variable abilities to bind aflatoxins in vitro.14,120 The last sorbent has been proven to be the most highly selective and effective and is commercially available for animal feed.14 The reduction of the bioavailability of some nutrients from the food has been reported as a potential adverse effect due to the use of adsorbing agents.14,120
Aspergillus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
László Kredics, János Varga, Rajagopalaboopathi Jayasudha, Sándor Kocsubé, Nikolett Baranyi, Coimbatore Subramanian Shobana, Muthusamy Chandrasekaran, Shine Kadaikunnan, Venkatapathy Narendran, Csaba Vágvölgyi, Palanisamy Manikandan
There is a series of reports available in the literature about the application of invertebrate models for studying the effects of Aspergillus mycotoxins. Among the insects, AFBl proved to be harmful to Aedes aegypti, Corcyra cephalonica, Drosophila melanogaster, Heliothis virescens, Heterotermes indicolas, Locusta migratoria, Musca domestica, Schistocerca gregaria, and Tenebrio molitor [61]. The use of Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism to study the effects of Aspergillus mycotoxins has a long history. Studies were published even in the 1970s about the effects of AFB1 on the development of D. melanogaster [62], the induction of recessive lethals by AFB1 [63], the insecticidal and larvicidal activities of AFB1 and PAT [61], the application of AFB1-resistant and -sensitive strains for crossing experiments [64], the variation in sensitivity to AFB1 among several strains of D. melanogaster [65], the effect of AFB1 on viability, growth, fertility, and crossing over [66], the applicability of AFB1Cl2 as a model of AFB1 in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis [67], the differences displayed by larvae of different ages in their sensitivity to the toxic effects of AFB1 [68], the genetic background of resistance to AFB1 toxicity [69], and the alterations in gene expression caused by AFB1 [70]. Chinnici et al. [71] reported that pretreatments with relatively less toxic mycotoxins, like AFB2 and STC, enhance the effect of AFB1-induced toxicity in D. melanogaster. Foerster and Würgler [72] carried out in vitro studies on AFB1 metabolism in testes of genetically different strains of D. melanogaster and identified AFB2a, AFM1, and AFR0 among the observed metabolites. AFB1 was shown to induce a high level of somatic mutagenesis in imaginal disk of D. melanogaster larvae, while patulin also elevated the level of somatic mutations [73]. Melone and Chinnici [74] performed selection in D. melanogaster for increased resistance to AFB1 toxicity. Shibahara et al. [75] studied the DNA-damaging potency and genotoxicity of AFM1 in somatic cells of D. melanogaster in vivo and recorded a genotoxic effect for AFM1 comparable to that of AFB1. Karekar et al. [76] studied the antimutagenic profile of antioxidants in a Drosophila model where AFB1 was chosen as a positive mutagen. Sidorov et al. [77] applied chemical carcinogens, including AFB1, for the successful induction of tumors in D. melanogaster. Sişman [78] reported that hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate could effectively inhibit AFB1-induced abnormalities in the developmental stages of D. melanogaster. Mutlu [79] reported about an increase in mitochondrial DNA copy number in response to OTA-induced mitochondrial DNA damage in Drosophila.
Prevention and Detoxification of Mycotoxins in Human Food and Animal Feed using Bio-resources from South Mediterranean Countries: a Critical Review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2023
Amina Aloui, Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès, Abdellah Zinedine, Amar Riba, Noel Durand, Jean Christophe Meile, Didier Montet, Catherine Brabet, Samir Abbès
Approaches using mineral clay adsorbents, such as montmorillonite, bentonite, phyllosilicate and smectite, have been used in North Africa to avoid the toxicity of mycotoxins. The reason may be due to the wider surface area of these clays, which is usually subject to greater swelling (Sposito et al. 1999). Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) and other clays have been often described to reverse adverse effects caused by mycotoxins in North Africa. In the gastrointestinal tract, due to its high cation-exchange ability, HSCAS may constitute a source of chemical elements such as iron, sodium and calcium. In this regard, HSCAS has reportedly been able to chemisorb mycotoxins from aqueous solutions (Abdel-Wahhab et al. 2015). Therefore, Abbès et al. (2007) suggested that HSCAS can bind ZEN in the gastrointestinal tract and can be considered a good candidate for the reduction of cytogenetic effects caused by AFs (Abdel-Wahhab et al. 2002) or detoxification of food contaminated with ZEN (Abbès et al. 2006).
Toxicity induced by ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin: oxidative stress and metabolism
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2021
Sara Badawy, YaQin Yang, Yanan Liu, Marawan A. Marawan, Irma Ares, María-Aránzazu Martinez, María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga, Xu Wang, Arturo Anadón, Marta Martínez
Pharmacokinetics alterations of flunixin (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug [NSAID], analgesic and antipyretic) increase the AUC and terminal half-life by 41% and 53%, respectively, when coadministered with ENR in mice (Ogino and Arai 2007). Additionally, there was exaggerated hepato-renal dysfunction in calves (Abo-El-Sooud and Al-Anati 2011). ENR traces in drinking water can significantly change the pharmacokinetic profile of doxycycline in chickens by elevating its concentration in plasma and lung and prolonging its elimination time in both healthy and M. gallisepticum–infected broiler chickens (Gbylik-Sikorska et al. 2016b, 2018). Continuously administered ENR may bind to hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), which is commonly used in the poultry feed ration. This phenomenon would lead to a decrease in clinical efficacy and promote the development of antimicrobial resistance (Mekala et al. 2015). Repeated oral administration of ENR with meloxicam (an NSAID) in rabbits induces greater oxidative imbalance (Khan et al. 2017). On the other hand, repeated administration of meloxicam and ENR or higher dose therapies for eye infection treatment promotes ABCG-2 transporter immunolocalization in the rabbit retina, which leads to ABCG-2-mediated pharmacokinetic resistance with these drugs (Khan et al. 2018). Combinations of antibiotics that are used as alternatives to control or treat the same animal illnesses (such as macrolides and ENR for airsacculitis in chickens) when withdrawn simultaneously hence risks to human health (Cox and Popken 2006). Overall, CIP and ENR show unique deposition and distribution patterns in different target tissues.