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Platelet-Activating Factor Receptors in the Airways
Published in Devendra K. Agrawal, Robert G. Townley, Inflammatory Cells and Mediators in Bronchial Asthma, 2020
The linear alkyl chain in position – 1 in PAF-acether could be either hexadecyl or octadecyl; accordingly, it is written as C16:0 or C18:0 AGEPC. Hexadecyl (C16:0) AGEPC is a more potent PAF molecule than C18:0. Because of the initial discovery and their activity, most of the studies in the literature have employed one or both of these molecular species of PAF. However, recent studies suggest that numerous PAF homologues and analogues are synthesized and released endogenously by various cells and tissues.7 Unsaturated 1-O-alkyl homologues, 1-O-acyl and alk-1-enyl analogues, and acetylated phosphoglycerides with polar groups other than choline are a few of the examples. However, most of the studies so far have been carried out using C16:0 and/or C18:0 AGEPC. In this article, the characteristics of PAF-acether receptors in the airways and their role in airway disease, especially bronchial asthma, will be discussed. It has been established that PAF-acether has many other actions in addition to its activity on platelets. However, for the sake of simplicity, PAF or PAF-acether will be used throughout this article.
Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I deficiency
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop
Organic acid analysis of the urine is notable for the absence of dicarboxylic aciduria and hydroxydicarboxylic aciduria [2, 6, 18], as well as the absence of elevation of 3-hydroxybutyric and acetoacetic acids in the urine at times of fasting and hypoglycemia. Plasma levels of carnitine may be normal or elevated [25]. Levels of both free and total carnitine may be elevated. Fractionation of the esterified carnitine of the urine reveals only acetylcarnitine. Tandem mass spectrometry of the blood reveals an absence of long-chain acyl carnitines (C16, C18, C18:1) [18, 27]. The ratio of C0 to C16 + 118 is useful in diagnosis [28]. In three patients, the ratio ranged from 175 to 2000, a range of 2–32 was observed in control infants. Higher values were found in older infants, but there was no overlap of patients and controls.
Kinetic Model of Cadmium Metabolism
Published in Lars Friberg, Tord Kjellström, Carl-Gustaf Elinder, Gunnar F. Nordberg, Cadmium and Health: A Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, 2019
Tord Kjellström, Gunnar F. Nordberg
Accumulation in B2 is determined by the turnover rate of red blood cells. The mean life of erythrocytes is 120 days2 which implies a half-time of 83 days and C16 would be 0.008 (day- ’). For the modeling, we assumed C16 would be in the range 0.004 to 0.015 (day-1).
Novel nano-carriers with N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-modified liposomes improve effects of C16-angiopoietin 1 in acute animal model of multiple sclerosis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Xiao-Xiao Fu, Han Qu, Jing Wang, Hua-Ying Cai, Hong Jiang, Hao-Hao Chen, Shu Han
The fundamental events during the onset of acute EAE include extensive edema and cellular inflammation due to an impaired blood–brain barrier (BBB). Importantly, integrin αVβ3 permits endothelial cells to interact with many extracellular matrix proteins, including laminin. The synthesized peptide C16, a γ1 chain peptide of laminin-1, can selectively bind the αVβ3 and αVβ1 integrins in endothelial cells to block the interaction between leukocytes and endothelial cells, which ultimately inhibits the transmigration of inflammatory cells (Gaillard et al., 2012). A previous study has also verified that C16 had no effect on the total number of leukocytes, suggesting that C16 is not an immunosuppressant (Han S et al., 2010). As a member of the endothelial growth factor family, angiopoietin 1 (Ang-1) has important roles in the establishment and maintenance of the maturation, stabilization, and integrity of the vascular system (Fang et al., 2013). Moreover, C16 and Ang-1 can synergistically alleviate vascular leakage and inflammation and prevent the demyelination and axonal loss in the EAE rat model (Jiang et al., 2014). However, the solubility of C16 is largely affected by the pH of the solvent, which decreases its bioavailability and may limit its clinical application (Han et al., 2010).
Helicobacter Pylori Related Gastric Cancer Screening and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study (SIGES)
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Wen Xiang, Rui Wang, Dan Bai, Tian-Hang Yu, Xin-Zu Chen
The eligibility was assessed based on the electronic medical records reported by general practitioners, gastroenterologists, or gastrointestinal surgical oncologists. The healthy controls were collected from the health checkup in the Center of Health Checkup. The general practitioners recorded them as the asymptomatic status and cancer-free status. The gastric cancer patients were collected from the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery. The diagnosis was proved by the ICD-10 code C16 and histology, regardless of TNM stage. Other kinds of malignancies were excluded, such as lymphoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumor. In addition, all the included observations should be tested by the 14-C UBT. For the gastric cancer patients, the UBT should be performed preoperatively, while the postoperative tests would not be considered.
Incidence and survival rates of lymphoepithelioma-like gastric carcinoma: analysis of the Korea Central Cancer Registry Database
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2021
Jin-Woo Kim, Ji-Hoon Kim, Hee Man Kim
This database classifies cancer according to the International Classification of Disease for Oncology, third edition (ICD-O-3) [6]. The ICD code 8082/3 was used to retrieve the registry data of LEGC from the KNCIDB. ICD code C16 was used to define gastric cancer. The ICD code 8082/3 plus C16 was used to retrieve the data of 1030 patients who were diagnosed with LEGC between 2006 and 2017 from the KNCIDB. The KNCIDB included the age and sex of patients and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) summary stages of the tumor. The SEER summary stages, used for categorization of the tumor stage in the KNCIDB, include localized, regional, distant, and unknown stages. The relative survival rate (RSR) was adjusted for the expected mortality of the general population of the same age and sex using the Ederer II method [7,8]. The RSRs were calculated for the following time periods: 1996–2000, 2001–2005, 2006–2010, and 2011–2015. SAS ver. 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) was used for statistical analysis.