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Designing Smart Nanotherapeutics
Published in Suresh C. Pillai, Yvonne Lang, Toxicity of Nanomaterials, 2019
A. Joseph Nathanael, Tae Hwan Oh, Vignesh Kumaravel
Nano-theranostics (e.g., QDs, silver, gold, iron oxide, polymer, silica, and carbon-based nanoparticles) are recently employed in drug delivery to detect and treat the disease in a single step with minimum side effects (Wang et al. 2012). Nanotheranostics can be easily localized at the specific sites of diseases to improve the permeability and retention effect. Tumour multimodal imaging and thermo-radiotherapy was studied using bismuth sulphide (Bi2S3) nanotheranostic agents (Wang et al. 2016). Bi2S3 nanoparticles were synthesized via a bovine serum albumin (BSA)-mediated bio-mineralization technique. Bi2S3 nanoparticles were synthesized through the following steps: (i) BSA was treated with bismuth nitrate (Bi(NO3)3) in acidic pH, (ii) BSA was bonded with Bi3+ ions through its –SH, –NH2 and –COOH functional groups, and (iii) Bi2S3 nanoparticles were formed by adjusting the pH of BSA-Bi3+ complex mixture to 12. At high pH, BSA was denatured to release cysteine residues. Cysteine is one of the best sulphur sources to synthesize metal sulphide nanoparticles. Bi2S3 nanoparticles exhibited low in vivo toxicity and long circulation time during intravenous administration in mice.
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Published in Anton Sebastian, A Dictionary of the History of Medicine, 2018
Contrast Media A mixture of bicarbonate and tartaric acid was one of the earliest contrast agents in radiology used for visualizing the lining of the stomach. It was later replaced by bismuth nitrate, bismuth sulfate and barium sulfate. Iodized oil was introduced by Athanase Siccard (1872–1929) in 1921. Gallbladder visualization was made possible by Evarts Ambrose Graham (1883–1957), professor of surgery at Washington University, St Louis, and Warren Henry Cole (b 1898) who used chlorinated and brominated phenolphthalein capable of being excreted by the liver, in 1929. Iodophthalein, which is less toxic, was introduced as an oral as well as an intravenous contrast medium by Whitaker and Miliken in 1929. Pheniodol replaced iodophthalein as a better contrast medium in 1940.
Evaluation of microcystin-LR photocatalytic degradation in aqueous solutions by BiVO4/NaY-Zeolite nanocomposite: determination of optimum conditions by response surface methodology (RSM)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Negar Jafari, Ali Abdolahnejad, Ali Behnami, Amir Mohammadi, Farzad Fanaei, Afshin Ebrahimi
MC-LR (C49H74N10O12, purity ≥ 99%) analytical standard solution (10 μg/mL in methanol) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Standard solutions were prepared by dissolving standard powder (100 μg, purity ≥ 95%, Enzo Life Sciences, Inc., Farmingdale, NY) of MC-LR in 1 mL of methanol (100%, HPLC-grade), and afterward diluted in distilled water with purity of 99% (Merck Co, Darmstadt, Germany) to prepare experiment solutions. Bismuth nitrate (Bi (NO3)3.5H2O, 99.99%) and ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3, 99.99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO). NaY-Zeolite was purchased from Pioneers Clean Environment Co. (Tehran, Iran). Other chemicals, such as methanol, acetonitrile, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (HPLC-grade), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and hydrochloric acid (HCL) were purchased from Merck Co. (Darmstadt, Germany). The MC-LR specifications are presented in Table 1.
The protective role of autophagy in nephrotoxicity induced by bismuth nanoparticles through AMPK/mTOR pathway
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2018
Yongming Liu, Huan Yu, Xihui Zhang, Yong Wang, Zhentao Song, Jian Zhao, Haibin Shi, Ruibin Li, Yangyun Wang, Leshuai W. Zhang
In our previous work, we have made BiNP synthesized from bismuth nitrate and BSA, showing excellent CT contrast ability (Wang 2016; Liu et al. 2017). In brief, BSA was incubated with bismuth nitrate in the acidic environment (pH < 5) to have bismuth ion bound to its functional groups. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 12 using 2 M NaOH. Sulfide ions were then released from BSA in basic environment and the solution was changed to dark black color, indicating BiNP formation. BiNP was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM, Tecnai G2 Spirit BioTWIN, FEI, Hillsboro, OR). For negative staining, BiNP solution was dropped onto a formvar-coated grid and 0.5% uranyl acetate solution was applied to the sample for 1 min, followed by the removal of the staining solution using filter paper and observation by TEM. In addition, the hydrodynamic diameters and surface charge of BiNP in different solvent (Water, PBS, and DMEM) were measured using Zetasizer Nano ZS90 (Malvern, Worcestershire, UK) and the absorbance of the spectra of BiNP was analyzed by UV–vis spectrum ranging from 250 to 1000 nm.
An analytical strategy for the identification of carbamates, toxic alkaloids, phenobarbital and warfarin in stomach contents from suspected poisoned animals by thin-layer chromatography/ultraviolet detection
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2019
André Valle de Bairros, Diulia Dias, André Bezerra, Roger Wagner, Bruna Klein, Glaucia Kommers, Eliza Stefanon, Ana Miguel Pego
For spot identification, based on chemical revelation, a modified Dragendorff´s reagent for spot revelation was prepared using three independent solutions: Solution A (400 mg/mL of potassium iodide diluted in distillated water); Solution B (17 mg/mL of bismuth nitrate diluted in glacial acetic acid); Solution C (10% of sulfuric acid solution). Solutions A and B were mixed together and filled up to volume with solution C. Posteriorly, pure iodine granulates were added to reach a concentration of 20 mg/mL and ultrasonication was then employed for 30 min in order to finally obtain the Dragendorff’s iodized reagent.