China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Ailments and Diseases
Published in James Sherifi, General Practice Under the NHS, 2023
Salbutamol was good but had a short half-life. Salmeterol, a long-acting beta-adrenergic agonist (LABA), available from 1990, provided a useful adjunct in both the treatment of acute wheeze and the prevention of bronchospasm. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) were marketed and shown to be useful in both the prevention of and pulmonary destruction from chronic asthma. Inhalers combining a LABA and ICS, such as Seretide, were widely prescribed, overcoming the profession’s antipathy to their high cost and drug combinations in general. GPs were inundated with a host of inhaler devices. Spacer devices and peak flow meters were issued to patients with asthma, and they were encouraged to keep a peak flow diary that was periodically reviewed by a clinician, increasingly a nurse. A step-by-step hierarchy of drug treatment was introduced. Patients were allowed to keep rescue courses of steroids and antibiotics at home for severe exacerbations.
The Design of Receptor-Binding Radiotracers
Published in Lelio G. Colombetti, Principles of Radiopharmacology, 2019
William C. Eckelman, Raymond E. Gibson, Waclaw J. Rzeszotarski, Victor Jiang, J. Krijn Mazaitis, Chang Paik, Toru Komai, Richard C. Reba
For the beta adrenoceptor drugs, there are many reviews of structure-activity relationships in relation to physiologic response.15-21 In general, the differentiation of adrenergic receptors into alpha and beta was first made by Ahlquist in 1948, based on physiologic effects obtained with various catecholamines.22 Later, receptors for the hormone epinephrine and neurotransmitter norepinephrine were identified.23 A variety of organs such as the heart (frequency and contractile force), the intestinal smooth muscle, the tracheal smooth muscle, the uterine smooth muscle, and the striated muscle fibers respond to beta adrenergic agonist. Lands et al. postulated beta-1 and beta-2 receptors because bronchial dilation, blood pressure, and uterospasm were less affected by norepinephrine than by epinephrine, but both hormones had equal effect in the heart.24
Regulation Of Cell Kinetics And Colon Cancer
Published in Herman Autrup, Gary M. Williams, Experimental Colon Carcinogenesis, 2019
Epinephrine, unlike histamine and serotonin, retards cell division in rat colonic tumors56 and also transiently retards the growth of human colorectal tumor xenografts.66 These effects appear to be mediated by a beta-adrenoceptor since they are blocked by beta-adrenergic antagonists such as propranolol and sotalol and can be mimicked by the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol.
Beta-blocker carteolol and oxprenolol produce cutaneous analgesia in response to needle pinpricks in the rat
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
To prolong the duration of the nerve block, a mixture of local anesthetics and adrenaline was administrated [11]. Adrenaline helps to minimize blood loss, lowers the risk of toxicity, prevents systemic absorption, and thus extends the duration of action [32,33]. The addition of epinephrine (non-selective alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist) prolonged the duration of action of oxprenolol or carteolol (non-selective beta-adrenergic blocking agent). Our data suggest that alpha-adrenergic receptors may be a critical role in prolonging the duration of local anesthetic action. The effect (AUC) of carteolol+epinephrine combination, oxprenolol+epinephrine combination, or bupivacaine+epinephrine combination was almost 1.7-, 1.9-, and 2.9-times larger than carteolol, oxprenolol, or bupivacaine alone, respectively. Our results are similar to the previous study that found that lidocaine 1% plus epinephrine (1:200,000) was comparable to the higher dose of lidocaine when performing ear surgery [34]. Despite their recognized action in stabilizing membranes [4], beta-blockers have other functions, we still cannot omit information about the greater selectivity of the compounds for beta-adrenergic receptors that make it difficult to explore target mechanisms. Accordingly, in the presence of a non-selective ß-blocker, the α effect is not opposed and may result in increased vasoconstriction with a prolongation of the local anesthetic effect.
Prescribing patterns for treating common complications of spinal cord injury
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2023
Shikha Gupta, Mary Ann McColl, Karen Smith, Alexander McColl
Neurogenic bladder is a common consequence of SCI, including decreased bladder compliance, detrusor-sphincter dysynergia, or increased detrusor pressure.18 Within the sample, almost one-third (32.4%) received a drug for bladder management. Among individuals who received at least one drug, 20% (n = 7) received two or more drugs for bladder management concurrently. A total of 44 prescriptions were issued for 10 different medications belonging to 7 therapeutic classes. The most common therapeutic classes and medications included muscarinic antagonistic agents (36% – solifenacin/Vesicare), anticholinergic or antimuscarinic agents (35%; oxybutynin/ Ditropan), and beta-adrenergic agonist agents (24% – mirabegron, Mirobit or Myrbetriq). Other therapeutic classes and common medications used to treat this condition included alpha adrenergic antagonist agents (tamsulosin/ Flomax), cholinergic agents (Bethanechol) and neurotoxins (Botox) – each prescribed to <10% of patients.
Attenuation of spinal anesthesia induced hypotension with granisetron in type I diabetic parturients: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Published in Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2022
Abdelrhman Alshawadfy, EmadEldeen Ahmed Ibrahim, Amr Helmy, Mohamed A. Elsadany, Wesam F. Alyeddin
Ephedrine is an alpha and beta-adrenergic agonist used to treat anesthesia-induced hypotension, allergic conditions, bronchial asthma, and nasal congestion. Ephedrine produces tachycardia in the mother, has negative consequences on uterine blood flow, and lowers the fetal pH [12]. In the current study, the total ephedrine consumption and frequency of use were significantly reduced. Similarly, Khalifa [18], Eldaba and Amr [16], Chatterjee et al. [19], and Lamichhane et al. [20] reported that the prophylactic use of granisetron reduced the vasopressor need in CS and the severity of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension, nausea, and vomiting. However, Mohammadi et al. [21] observed no significant effect of 3 mg granisetron on the vasopressor need for the management of post-spinal hypotension. This discrepancy could be attributed to different methodology. Mohammadi et al. [21] used both intrathecal fentanyl and bupivacaine, which could worsen the hypotension. Moreover, intraoperative blood loss and sensory block level that could influence the perioperative hypotensive episodes were not alleviated.