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Healthy Cooking Techniques
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Joel J. Schaefer, Mary Schaefer
Sodium is present in foods as part of a wide variety of many ingredients and has many names other than salt. MSG is a flavor enhancer. Many other sources of sodium start with the word sodium, so be aware of these products. Sodium benzoate is a preservative. Sodium nitrite is a source of sodium found in hot dogs and lunch meats and is also used as a preservative in many foods. Another example is sodium phosphate, which is a generic term for a variety of salts and sodium and phosphate. (Figure 10.1).
Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
In various studies, the presence of benzyl benzoate in cosmetic and sometimes other products has been investigated. Before 2006, most investigators used chemical analysis, usually GC-MS, for qualitative and quantitative determination. Since then, the presence of the target fragrances was usually investigated by screening the product labels for the 26 fragrances that must be labeled since 2005 on cosmetics and detergent products in the EU, if present at > 10 ppm (0.001%) in leave-on products and > 100 ppm (0.01%) in rinse-off products. This method, obviously, is less accurate and may result in underestimation of the frequency of the fragrances being present in the product. When they are in fact present, but the concentration is lower than mentioned above, labeling is not required and the fragrances’ presence will be missed.
The administration of medicines to children
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
Benzyl alcohol and benzoate salts may be used as co-solvents or preservatives and may not be tolerated by neonates when metabolism is immature. ‘Gasping syndrome’ and death have been described in neonates treated with intravenous saline preserved with benzyl alcohol [5,6]. Preparations such as lorazepam injection and amiodarone injection contain benzyl alcohol and have been contraindicated for children up to 3 years of age. Use of such excipients is potentially denying useful drugs to this age group.
Toxicological impact of sodium benzoate on inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and biochemical markers in male Wistar rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Ishfaq Shafi Khan, Khalid Bashir Dar, Showkat Ahmad Ganie, Md. Niamat Ali
Food additives have changed into an extremely indispensable activity in current food engineering with increased demand of refined and convenient commodities (Saad et al. 2005). Food additives are primarily opted for the purpose of preservation and coloration. Most of the food additives (preservatives and coloring dyes) have been found to show genotoxic nature (Khan et al. 2020). Preservatives are added to prevent microbiological or enzymatic modifications in foods, postpone nutrient loss and to increase the food shelf life. Sodium benzoate (SB, E211) is a food additive commonly known as benzoate of soda, with chemical formula C6H5COONa and molecular weight 144.11 g/mole. It is a widely used preservative due to its capability of killing the majority of fungi, bacteria and yeasts effectively (Lennerz et al. 2015). SB is a fungistatic and bacteriostatic molecule that interferes with anaerobic energy generation processes in acidic environment after cell absorption and suppresses the growth of microorganisms which spoil food (Yadav et al. 2016). SB is commonly used in other fields because of its preservative function and is a key part of pharmaceutical and other biocare products.
Cow milk protein allergy and other common food allergies and intolerances
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2019
Wiparat Manuyakorn, Pornthep Tanpowpong
Food additives such as sulphites, benzoates and MSG have also been reported to cause symptoms of intolerance. Sulphites are added to various foods and wines to control oxidation and prevent bacterial growth and is usually found in squid, meat burgers, sausages, dried fruits, cider, grape juice and wine [68]. The substance can also precipitate asthmatic patients via proposed mechanisms such as IgE-mediated reactions or the leucotriene pathway [68]. Patients who are intolerant to sulphites may experience chronic urticaria, angio-oedema, anaphylaxis and rhinitis. Benzoates are found in foods and seasonings (berries, milk products, added to soft drinks, jams, ice creams, baked goods, owing to their antimicrobial effects) [65] and exposure is linked to manifestations similar to those related to consumption of sulphites. The reaction to MSG was originally described almost five decades ago as ‘Chinese restaurant syndrome’ [69]. Headache, taste disturbance and skin manifestations can be attributed to it [70]. Ten percent of children who ingested MSG experienced urticaria or angio-oedema [71]. Furthermore, avoidance of MSG can improve symptoms of cyclic vomiting syndrome, one of the FGIDs in children [72].
Drug discovery strategies and the preclinical development of D-amino-acid oxidase inhibitors as antipsychotic therapies
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2018
Bence Szilágyi, György G. Ferenczy, György M. Keserű
There has been much interest in developing potent and selective DAAO inhibitors primarily for the treatment of schizophrenia. The usefulness of DAAO inhibitors as antipsychotic agents is supported by clinical studies. It was demonstrated that D-serine treatment results in significant improvements in positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenic patients [29]. Clinical studies were also performed with benzoate, a weak DAAO inhibitor. Although its in vitro inhibitory effect is in the 10 micromolar range [30] the co-administration of benzoate with risperidone or haloperidol [31] or clozapine [32] was found to improve a variety of symptoms and neurocognition in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Recently, however, species differences in DAAO distribution and metabolism have been reported. Activity-based distribution of DAAO in the central nervous system of humans and mice was found to be different [33]. It was also shown that although selected DAAO inhibitors were able to decrease the exposure to exogenously administered D-serine in mice they did not exhibited similar effect in dogs and monkeys [34]. In another study, sodium benzoate was found not to increase the level of D-alanine, a substrate for DAAO, in dogs [35]. These results urge further investigations on the connection between the levels of D-serine and DAAO inhibitors and antipsychotic effects.