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Stimulants: cocaine, amphetamines and party drugs
Published in Berry Beaumont, David Haslam, Care of Drug Users in General Practice, 2021
This is a general name given to a class of synthetic drugs with adrenaline-like action known as sympathomimetic amines. Benzedrine, a form of amphetamine sulphate originally sold as a nasal decongestant, was widely used as a stimulant by troops during the Second World War. A number of derivatives of amphetamine such as fenfluramine and phentermine were used as appetite suppressants.
Immunosuppressants, rheumatic and gastrointestinal topics
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
Since Bradley’s publication in 1937 [5], reporting behavioural improvement in children treated with benzedrine, studies have increased in number and, over the last 60 years, confirmed the benefit of stimulant medication in the treatment of this disorder. Drugs most often studied in the international community are: methylphenidate (MPH), dextro-amphetamine (DEX), mixed-salts amphetamine (AMP), and pemoline (PEM). These drugs are the most widely prescribed psychotropic medications for children.
Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder
Published in Merlin G. Butler, F. John Meaney, Genetics of Developmental Disabilities, 2019
Mark L. Wolraich, Melissa A. Doffing
The connection to brain damage was given more consideration after the 1917 worldwide influenza epidemic with encephalitis, where some children exhibited the residual symptoms of restlessness, inattention, impulsivity, easy arousability, and hyperactivity (11,(12). Soon after in 1937, stimulant medication (Benzedrine) was found to improve the behaviors of children displaying these core symptoms (13). Methylphenidate was released for treatment in 1957 (1). Clements (2) described the disorder as a neurological condition suspected of being caused by brain damage and called minimal brain dysfunction.
Evidence-based prescribing of medications for ADHD: where are we in 2023?
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2023
Since the study published by Bradley [5] in 1937 reporting the beneficial effects of an amphetamine compound (benzedrine) on ADHD symptoms in children, and the approval of methylphenidate by the FDA in 1955, a large number of randomized controlled trials, observational investigations, and meta-analyses of such studies have been published. Indeed, ADHD and its pharmacological treatment are among the most investigated topics in child and adolescent psychiatry [6]. This body of evidence informs our knowledge on the clinical pharmacology of ADHD. This review summarizes the currently available key evidence that can potentially inform each step related to the prescription of ADHD medications in clinical practice, from the initial selection of the most appropriate agent to the follow-up of a stabilized regimen, highlighting the gaps and needs in terms of evidence base. This will be preceded by an introductory section on the evidence related to prescription rates of ADHD medications in the past decades, which should be essential knowledge for any prescriber in the field.
Public Opinion on Cognitive Enhancement Varies across Different Situations
Published in AJOB Neuroscience, 2020
Claire T. Dinh, Stacey Humphries, Anjan Chatterjee
Widespread pressure to use CE has been found in the military, where military personnel may be more likely to be coerced by authority figures because of a culture of obedience. During the Second World War, military leaders found that amphetamine reduced fatigue, increased alertness, and enhanced performance. In 1942, the British Royal Air Force recommended a dose of 10 mg of Benzedrine per mission. The British Army also recommended doses of 20 mg Benzedrine per day for five consecutive days for troops fighting in El Alamein (Brühl et al. 2019; Rasmussen 2011).
Nine prohibited stimulants found in sports and weight loss supplements: deterenol, phenpromethamine (Vonedrine), oxilofrine, octodrine, beta-methylphenylethylamine (BMPEA), 1,3-dimethylamylamine (1,3-DMAA), 1,4-dimethylamylamine (1,4-DMAA), 1,3-dimethylbutylamine (1,3-DMBA) and higenamine
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Pieter A. Cohen, John C. Travis, Céline Vanhee, Dana Ohana, Bastiaan J. Venhuis
In the early 1940s, Merrell Co. developed Vonedrine, a phenpromethamine nasal inhaler to compete with Smith, Kline & French’s Benzedrine, an amphetamine nasal inhaler [17]. The FDA approved Vonedrine as a nasal inhaler in 1943 and it remained available until Merrell Co. withdrew the inhaler in 1960 (see Supplementary Fig 2 for c.1940s advertisement of Vonedrine) [18]. The FDA formally withdrew the approval for Vonedrine in 1971 [19].