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The Chemical Environment
Published in Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson, Work and the Health of Women, 2020
Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson
A repetitive theme in chapters and papers on laboratory hazards, particularly in relation to chemical contamination, is the level of apathy and indifference toward safety and health.197 Wood and Spencer198 additionally comment that microbiology laboratories are also chemical laboratories where strong chemical carcinogens are in frequent use: naphthylamines for nitrate reduction tests, benzidine for detection of hydrogen peroxide and bacterial cytochromes, β-propiolactone as a sterilant, and ison-icotinic acid hydrazide for the tuberculosis-sensitivity test. Benzidine has been extensively used in a variety of microbiological tests and has been particularly useful for screening large numbers of organisms. Laboratory exposure to aromatic amines has been associated with known cases of bladder cancer. Sodium selenite is commonly used in media for the isolation of salmonellae and is an animal teratogen.199 In dehydrated media it becomes an airborne inhalation hazard.
Metabolic Activation of Aromatic Amines and Amides and Interactions with Nucleic Acids
Published in Philip L. Grover, Chemical Carcinogens and DNA, 2019
The covalent binding of a number of carcinogens, including aromatic amines, to DNA in vivo is now well documented. The older available experimental material was reviewed some years ago by Irving.90 More recent data on this subject that is relevant to the aromatic amines will be discussed in this section.
Organic Chemicals
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Aromatic and heterocyclic amines are chemicals composed of single- and multiple-ring systems with an exocytic amino group. They do not occur in nature except for complex heterocyclines that are generated during pyrolysis. They are synthetics used in dye and drug manufacturing and as antioxidants.383 The typical monoarylamines and polyarylamines with carcinogenic potential include aniline and o-toluidine (sarcoma), o-anisidine and p-cresidine (bladder cancer), and phenacetin384 (Table 5.48). At high doses, anilines are carcinogenic, and through its metabolite phenylhydroxylamine, aniline is a powerful hematopoietic poison producing methemoglobinemia. o-Toluidine and 2,6-dimethylaniline are released from the local anesthetics prilocaine and lidocaine.385 High-level chronic abuse, but not ordinary intermittent drug use, of phenacetin has led to human bladder cancer.386 These aforementioned aromatic amines have been observed to trigger chemical sensitivity.
Degradation mechanism of Direct Red 23 dye by advanced oxidation processes: a comparative study
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Mohamed A. Hassaan, Ahmed El Nemr, Adel A. El-Zahhar, Abubakr M. Idris, Majed M. Alghamdi, Taher Sahlabji, Tarek O. Said
Considering the threat of the environment by azo dyes discharged into water resources, detoxification of azo dyes is a topic of remarkable interest for researchers. Toward this end, many approaches have been proposed for dye treatment as an attempt to contribute in maintaining the safety of the environment. Adsorption, solvent extraction, coagulation, precipitation, and filtration processes were all introduced for dye removal (Donkadokula et al.2020, Hynes et al.2020, Samsami et al.2020, Selvaraj et al.2021). These processes are physical-based approaches, i.e. do not deal with the degradation of the chemical compositions of dyes. The limitations of these approaches are that they do not maintain complete removal of dyes (Grčić and Koprivanac 2018, Ince 2018). Even traditional chemical-based treatment processes are not efficient for treatment due to dye structure complexity (Rekhate and Shrivastava 2020). For instance, changing color cannot be an indication of complete dye removal. In addition, transferring dyes from phase to phase or reducing dyes to aromatic amines for degradation do not remove toxicity. On the other hand, biological-based methods, which depend on bacterial activity, were also introduced for dye treatment. However, these methods are time-consuming, besides they could be only effective at high dye concentrations (Rekhate and Shrivastava 2020).
The effects of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) on the skin fibroblast cells
Published in Xenobiotica, 2019
Enayatollah Seydi, Mohsen Fatahi, Parvaneh Naserzadeh, Jalal Pourahmad
The use of hair dye has roots in the past times and in Egypt. Furthermore, the hair dye has been used to enhance the attractiveness, health, femininity and beauty (Al-Shaikh et al., 2018). One of the most important components of the hair dye is para-phenylenediamine (PPD), which is a derivative of para-nitroaniline (Abd-ElZaher et al., 2012; Al-Shaikh et al., 2018; Blömeke et al., 2009; Chye et al., 2014; Hooff et al., 2011; Singla et al., 2005). Research has shown that about 30% of American women use PPD containing hair dyes (Abd-ElZaher et al., 2012). Documents show that the toxicological properties of aromatic amines such as PPD are very widespread. One of these important properties is the induction of apoptosis through increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Chye et al., 2014; Nohynek et al., 2015). The most important route of exposing humans to PPD is through the skin and inhalation during the dyeing process (Abd-ElZaher et al., 2012). PPD can cause skin irritation, contact dermatitis, rhabdomyolysis, renal impairment and severe edema. These complications indicate that this compound is very toxic (Al-Shaikh et al., 2018; Singla et al., 2005).
Occupational variation in bladder cancer in Nordic males adjusted with approximated smoking prevalence
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2019
Kishor Hadkhale, Jan Ivar Martinsen, Elisabete Weiderpass, Kristina Kjærheim, Pär Sparén, Laufey Tryggvadóttir, Elsebeth Lynge, Eero Pukkala
The most pronounced increased risk of bladder cancer in Nordic males was observed in chimney sweeps. A systematic review and meta-analysis of modifiable risk factors for the prevention of bladder cancer from 1995 to 2015 observed that chimney sweeps were among the occupations with the highest risk of bladder cancer (RR 1.53, 1.30–1.81) [21]. Another meta-analysis of 263 eligible articles published to June 2015 observed a similar high risk among chimney sweeps [22]. These studies observed that persons exposed to chemical solvents such as PAH and aromatic amines are at higher risk of bladder cancer. However, not all the studies included in this study were adjusted for smoking. Chimney sweeps are exposed to high levels of soot rich in PAH, which predominantly causes lung and bladder cancers [23–25].