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Anti-Hyperglycemic Property Of Medicinal Plants
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Karanpreet Singh Bhatia, Arpita Roy, Navneeta Bhardavaj
Areca catechu with a vernacular name Indian nut is a fellow of Arecaceae family. It is native to Philippines, but now has distributed to other countries like India, Bangladesh, Southern China, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, and others. Anti-hyperglycemic potential of chloroform, petroleum ether, and methanol fraction of Areca leaves was analyzed in a study involving Wister rats. The streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats were given 200 mg/kg extracts daily for half a month. All the extracts elicited reduction in FBG, but most effective one was found to be methanolic extract (Mondal et al., 2012). In another study, ethanolic, aqueous, and petroleum ether extract of Areca flowers were evaluated at a dosage of 500 mg/kg in AI hyperglycemic rats for 3 weeks. It was reported that ethanol and aqueous extract produced a noteworthy lowering in blood glucose as well as improvement of body weight and various diabetic parameters associated with the disease (Ghate et al., 2014).
Global Oral Health and Inequalities
Published in Vincent La Placa, Julia Morgan, Social Science Perspectives on Global Public Health, 2023
Prevalence of severe periodontal disease also remains largely unchanged since 1990, although there has been a slight improvement. In 1990, prevalence was estimated at 11.2%, and by 2010, this had decreased to 10.8% of people, worldwide (Kassebaum et al., 2014). Epidemiological studies of periodontal disease are a challenge due to the various measurement tools used globally, and problems of coverage, and, as a result, figures are estimates. Incidence of cancer of the lip and oral cavity was 500,550 in 2018, with 177, 384 total deaths, of which 67% were males. The major risk factors for oral cancers are tobacco and alcohol consumption and areca nut (betal quid) chewing (Jethwa and Khariwala, 2017; Mehrtash et al., 2017). Oral cancer has the highest incidence of all cancers in Melanesia and South Asian males (Bray et al., 2018). It is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality for males in India and Sri Lanka. For males in LMICs, with a low HDI, oral cancer is the fourth highest of all cancers (Bray et al., 2018). In many HICs, the human papilloma virus infection is responsible for increasing oropharyngeal cancers (Mehanna et al., 2013) and prevalence is greater among men and older age groups from poorer backgrounds (Conway et al., 2015).
Premalignant Neoplasms
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
The prevalence of leukoplakia is estimated to be 1.49–4.9%. Unfortunately, most epidemiologic data are outdated and retrospective. Risk factors include tobacco use, alcohol use, areca nut use, UV exposure, age, family history of cancer, and immunosuppression. HPV has been implicated in epithelial dysplasia.
Metabolism of the areca alkaloids – toxic and psychoactive constituents of the areca (betel) nut
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2022
In summary, areca alkaloids present in the AN have wide interplay with biological systems, eliciting psychoactive effects, therapeutic benefits, and myriad adverse side effects including hepatic and oral cancers. This comprehensive review sheds light on the complex metabolism of arecoline (and other areca alkaloids), covering the known and lesser studied disposition patterns. Study of the metabolism of these nitrogenous compounds and their in vivo generated metabolites is still in its infancy, especially in regards to identifying specific human-relevant mechanisms of elimination and their role in activating or de-activating the substrate molecule. Furthermore, more research is required to identify risky drug-drug interactions in AN consumers, as areca alkaloids ingested after mastication of the nut undergo complex metabolism in the body, metabolic pathways that may overlap with disposition mechanisms of medications and other therapeutic remedies.
A Discourse Analysis on Betel Nut Chewing in Hunan Province, China
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2021
With the large potential consumers, the production and sale of betel nuts are rapidly increasing and supporting a multibillion dollar industry in China. Hunan Province does not grow areca catechu trees and areca fruit has to be imported from Hainan Province or Thailand. The final products for chewing are the dried halved husks, and industrially packaged with different flavored substances. In Hainan Province, the cultivation of areca trees has a history of about 1,500 years. Among the tropical crops produced in Hainan, betel nut farming ranks first followed by rubber and coconut. According to the report in China’s Binglang Industry Net (http://binglang.99114.com, July 24, 2018), Hainan has expanded the planting area for areca nuts to about 978,000 acres, and the total annual production is 143,000 tons, with the total value of 2 billion yuan, taking up 95% of the cultivation of the whole country. This industry involves 2,300,000 farmers (China Industry and Economy News, January 27, 2016). However, the processing industry falls into Hunan Province. According to Scientific and Technological News (April 17, 2015), Hunan has created the value of 40 billion yuan industry, with its yearly increase of 20–30%. It aims to promote the upgrade of Binglang Cultural Industry with the integration of research and development, cultivation, processing, trade, culture and tourism (Hunan Daily, August 12, 2018).
Retail Availability and Characteristics of Addictive Areca Nut Products in a US Metropolis
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2021
Areca (betel1) nuts are the fruit of the areca palm tree (Areca catechu) indigenous to tropical Pacific, South/Southeastern Asia, and parts of East Africa. Consumption of the areca nut (AN) is a worldwide phenomenon with an estimated 200 to 600 million users (Gupta and Warnakulasuriya 2002). The primary uses of the AN or its various preparations is for ceremonial/religious purposes (Williams et al. 2002), medicinal therapy (Williams et al. 2002), and as a drug of abuse (Winstock 2002). In fact, it is the fourth-most commonly self-administered psychoactive substance in the world after caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco (Gupta and Warnakulasuriya 2002).