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Garcinia indica (Kokum) and Ilex aquifolium (European Holly)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Dicson Sheeja Malar, Mani Iyer Prasanth, Tewin Tencomnao, James Michael Brimson, Anchalee Prasansuklab
Ilex aquifolium (Holly) is an evergreen plant belonging to Aquifoliaceae family and is a native of Europe and North America. The dense pyramidal tree grows to a height of 10–12 m with coriaceous and glabrous spiny green leaves of 10 cm long. The plant is normally dioecious with white hypogynous flowers of 6 mm diameter. The fruits are of small size (7–12 mm) and sub-spherical in shape containing yellowish pulp with four seeds (Figure 22.1B) (Peterken and Lloyd, 1967; Obeso, 1998; Hue et al., 2016).
Ethnobotanical Issues on Medicinal Plants from Paraguay
Published in José L. Martinez, Amner Muñoz-Acevedo, Mahendra Rai, Ethnobotany, 2019
Rosa Luisa Degen de Arrúa, Yenny González, Esteban A. Ferro B.
Morphoanatomy studies on herbal drugs make a relevant contribution to the right identification of plant material for trading purposes, regularly available in popular markets of Paraguay. The propper identification of the commercial samples is a critical issue, either for those intended for direct consumption, or in quality assessment protocols aplayed to material directed to the preparation of phytomedicines. These studies are focused on the recognition of the drugs based on their micro and macroscopic characteristics, relevant for the identification of the parts of each plant and for quality evaluation. In Paraguay, pioneer studies about the anatomy of medicinal plants were performed in the Botany Department of the FCQ, at the Universidad nacional de Asunción, in 1990. The first work employing this methodology was published by Ortiz et al. (1993), and it was directed to analyze the leaf glandular trichomes of Heliotropium procumbens. In 1997, Ortiz and Delmás have published the anatomical study of three medicinal plants frequently employed in Paraguay: Cecropia pachystachya, Gochnatia polymorpha and Piper regnellii. Ten years later, these studies were taken up with the descriptions of the species Killinga brevifolia, K. odorata, K. vaginata and Scleria distans (Cyperaceae), Lippia alba (Verbenaceae), Jatropha isabelliae (Euphorbiaceae), Ilex paraguariensis var. paraguariensis (Aquifoliaceae), Genipa americana (Rubiaceae), Sorocea bonplandii (Moraceae), Acanthospermum australe, A. hispidum (Asteraceae), Aloysia polystachya (Verbenaceae), Begonia cucullata (Begoniaceae), and Phyllanthus orbiculatus, published by González and Degen (2008), González et al. (2008), González et al. (2009a), Riveros et al. (2009), González et al. (2009b), González et al. (2011), Degen et al. (2011), Degen et al. (2012a), Degen et al. (2012b), González et al. (2014) and González et al. (2016).
Protective effect of Qingre Huoxue decoction against myocardial infarction via PI3K/Akt autophagy pathway based on UPLC-MS, network pharmacology, and in vivo evidence
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Zheng Jin, Wenbo Zhang, Yuan Luo, Xiushen Li, Lijin Qing, Qiang Zuo, Junfeng Fang, Wei Wu
Despite advances in medical technology, stent restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention and side effects caused by long-term use of antiplatelet therapy and statins remain concerning (Xiu et al. 2018). With the increasing influence of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in disease prevention and treatment, its use in cardiovascular diseases has also been increasing (Hao et al. 2017; Li and Zhao 2017). Studies have confirmed that a variety of TCM compounds have cardioprotective effects (Li et al. 2018; Jia et al. 2019; Fan et al. 2020). Qingre Huoxue (QRHX) decoction is a TCM formulation consisting of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Lamiaceae), Paeonia veitchii Lynch (Paeoniaceae), Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Apiaceae), Ilicis pubescentis Hook. & Arn. (Aquifoliaceae), Carthamus tinctorius L. (Asteraceae), Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen (Fabaceae) and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge (Lamiaceae). It has the effect of clearing heat (detoxification), promoting blood circulation and reducing blood stasis. However, the specific mechanism and target of anti-MI effects of QRHX remain unclear.
Influence of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of rotundic acid in rats and its potential mechanism
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Haihua Shang, Ze Wang, Hong Ma, Yinghui Sun, Xiaoyan Ci, Yuan Gu, Changxiao Liu, Duanyun Si
Rotundic acid (RA) is an ursane-type of pentacyclic triterpene acid isolated from the dried barks of Ilex rotunda Thunb. (Aquifoliaceae), which is officially named as Ilicis Rotundae Cortex (IRC) and is widely used in clinical therapy and daily health in China (Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission 2015; Liu and Yin 2016; Yang et al. 2020). Triterpenes are the major bioactive compounds obtained from IRC along with saponins, flavonoid glycosides, phenolic acids, and steroids (Yang, Li, Ruan, Tong, et al. 2018). RA is a representative bioactive pentacyclic triterpene in IRC that has been selected as the quality control marker (Zhu et al. 2015; Yang, Li, Ruan, Xue, et al. 2018). RA possesses numerous and comprehensive pharmacological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimycobacterial, antibacterial, antidiabetic, lipid-lowering properties, etc. (Hsu et al. 2015; Nguyen et al. 2017; Aro et al. 2019; Han et al. 2019; Roy et al. 2019; Yan et al. 2019). In addition, RA combined with radiation therapy can increase the efficacy of radiotherapy and reduce the side-effects via the ATM/p53 pathway (Wang et al. 2018).
Cancer Related to Herbs and Dietary Supplements: Online Table of Case Reports. Part 5 of 5
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2018
Hot maté is a tea-like beverage consumed frequently in certain areas of South America. It is an herbal infusion of the dried, minced leaves and stemlets of the Ilex paraguariensis Brazil plant, a species belonging to the Aquifoliaceae family (Abnet, 2007). The drink is popular in Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina and, to a lesser degree, in Germany, Syria, Lebanon, and Northern Israel (Goldenberg, 2002). In South America, the maté infusion is consumed while very hot through a metal straw with a filtering tip on its end to catch the plant material. Drinking quantities of hot maté greater than one liter/day is not uncommon, and some people report drinking more than three liters a day (Abnet, 2007).