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HIV/AIDS
Published in Patricia G. Melloy, Viruses and Society, 2023
In this section, I will describe the different classes of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS, as well as some new preventative and treatment strategies that have been used to reduce HIV infection rates in high-risk populations or make being HIV positive a manageable condition. The general goals of antiretroviral therapy include limiting the replication of HIV so that T-helper cells do not die off and the immune system is still functional. If this happens, then the HIV-positive person can effectively live like someone who is HIV negative (Gulick and Flexner 2019). The development of a vaccine is still the ultimate goal of many scientists, but there are other ways in which the AIDS pandemic has been managed to a certain degree. However, this approach requires money to pay for the ART for the rest of their lives, as well as the individual’s commitment to the regular treatment schedule.
Host-Directed and Immune-Based Therapies for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Published in Thomas F. Kresina, Immune Modulating Agents, 2020
Hernan Valdez, Michael M. Lederman, Bharat Ramratnam, Timothy P. Flanigan
In summary, many cytokines could prove helpful in reconstituting immune function or decreasing viral replication. Interleukin 2, the one most extensively tested, should be evaluated in a phase III clinical trial, the design of which is problematic, as discussed earlier. Cytokines in earlier stages of clinical trial development pose other questions: How useful is HIV RNA as a surrogate marker when using immune-based therapies? Will cytokine therapy or cytokine inhibition provide any additional benefit to highly active antiretroviral therapy?
Cryptosporidium and Bile Duct Injury
Published in Gianfranco Alpini, Domenico Alvaro, Marco Marzioni, Gene LeSage, Nicholas LaRusso, The Pathophysiology of Biliary Epithelia, 2020
Xian-Ming Chen, Nicholas F. LaRusso
Clinically, anti-cryptosporidial treatment is far from satisfactory. There is no antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agent that will reliably eradicate the organism. A large number of antimicrobial agents have been screened for activity against C. parvum; only a few have some activity against the organism. Paromomycin, azithromycin and most recently, nitazoxanide, are commonly used.55–58 However, since these antiparasitic drugs are, at best, modesdy effective, preliminary clinical results using these agents are not uniform, and well-designed, placebo-controlled studies, including assessment of drug combinations, are needed to confirm which if any agents are effective.55–58 The therapeutic intervention that has a dramatic effect on cryptosporidiosis in AIDS patients is the highly active antiretroviral therapy.2,4,12,13,56 It can partially restore host immune function and thus lead to resolution of Cryptosporidium infection. If highly active antiretroviral therapy is not possible or ineffective, antimicrobial agents should be considered.2
RETRACTED ARTICLE: The Novel Effects of a Hydrolyzed Polysaccharide Dietary Supplement on Immune, Hepatic, and Renal Function in Adults with HIV in a Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Control Trial
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2021
John E. Lewis, Steven E. Atlas, Muhammad H. Abbas, Ammar Rasul, Ashar Farooqi, Laura A. Lantigua, Frederick Michaud, Sharon Goldberg, Lucas C. Lages, Oscar L. Higuera, Andrea Fiallo, Eduard Tiozzo, Judi M. Woolger, Stephanie Ciraula, Armando Mendez, Allan Rodriguez, Janet Konefal
Demographics such as age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education, employment status, and current living situation were assessed at baseline. The basic health assessment questionnaire included past medical history with an emphasis on opportunistic infections, family history, and review of systems. Information regarding any history of infection, respiratory disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, oral disease, cancer, and drug, alcohol, and tobacco use was obtained. At the follow-up visits, participants were asked about the occurrence of opportunistic infections and hospitalizations during that time. Antiretroviral therapy-related effects were assessed at each visit, and current non–HIV related medications were documented. Past history of antiretroviral therapy use was recorded and confirmed with medical records.
Development of lamivudine liposomes by three-level factorial design approach for optimum entrapment and enhancing tissue targeting
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2020
Mangesh D. Godbole, Prafulla M. Sabale, Vijay B. Mathur
Unlike other viruses, the human body cannot get rid of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and it remains in the body for whole life. ‘Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome’ (AIDS) is caused by ‘Human Immunodeficiency Virus’ (HIV), and its prevalence had been gradually increasing epidemic over last few decades. Therefore, effective antiretroviral therapy is required on a long-term basis to maintain viral suppression and reduce disease progression. Several antiretroviral agents have been developed for the control of HIV. Lamivudine (3TC) is potential hydrophilic antiretroviral agent acting as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Lamivudine has a short biological half-life (4–6 h) and requires frequent administration for a prolonged period of time. Toxic effects due to administration for long term, inadequate bioavailability at the resident sites of HIV and emergence of drug-resistant mutants are some side effects reported with 3TC (Moyle 2000, Jain et al.2007).
The Novel Effects of a Hydrolyzed Polysaccharide Dietary Supplement on Immune, Hepatic, and Renal Function in Adults with HIV in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Control Trial
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2020
John E. Lewis, Steven E. Atlas, Bsn, Muhammad H. Abbas, Ammar Rasul, Ashar Farooqi, Laura A. Lantigua, Frederick Michaud, Sharon Goldberg, Lucas C. Lages, Oscar L. Higuera, Andrea Fiallo, Eduard Tiozzo, Judi M. Woolger, Stephanie Ciraula, Armando Mendez, Allan Rodriguez, Janet Konefal
Demographics such as age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education, employment status, and current living situation were assessed at baseline. The basic health assessment questionnaire included past medical history with an emphasis on opportunistic infections, family history, and review of systems. Information regarding any history of infection, respiratory disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, oral disease, cancer, and drug, alcohol, and tobacco use was obtained. At the follow-up visits, participants were asked about the occurrence of opportunistic infections and hospitalizations during that time. Antiretroviral therapy-related effects were assessed at each visit, and current non-HIV-related medications were documented. Past history of antiretroviral therapy use was recorded and confirmed with medical records.