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Naturally Occurring Alkaloids with Anti-HIV Activity
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Although there is no cure for HIV infections, few antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) have been discovered which can control the virus and help prevent onward transmission to other people. However, these drugs have severe side effects and are very costly; hence, people residing in poor countries or rural areas are unable to access and afford this treatment. This has resulted in the dependence on herbal and traditional medicines for their primary treatment.
Infections
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
There are 4 major classes of antiretroviral drugs: nucleoside and nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (Pis), and fusion inhibitors (Figure 1).
Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions in HIV-Infected Persons
Published in Kirsti Kauppinen, Kristiina Alanko, Matti Hannuksela, Howard Maibach, Skin Reactions to Drugs, 2020
Hélène Bocquet, Jean-Claude Roujeau
Skin eruptions reported with various other drugs are listed in Tables 1 through 4.40–46 Antiviral and antiretroviral drugs usually induce few skin reactions. Foscarvir induces genital ulceration in 15% of men.47 Stomatitis occurs in 3% of patients treated with zalcitabin (ddC).48 We have reported two cases of hypersensitivity syndrome related to zalcitabin.9 Mouth erosions are reported in 10% of patients treated with lamivudin (3TC).49 Nevirapine, a recently released antiretroviral agent, may induce severe cutaneous reactions, including SJS.50 The side-effect profile of antiproteases is not yet clearly established.
Investigational drugs for HIV: trends, opportunities and key players
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2023
Ronald J. Overmars, Zoë Krullaars, Thibault Mesplède
Our review illustrates how long-acting antiretroviral drugs do not solve the issue of treatment adherence. As much as people can fail to take their daily oral treatment for multiple reasons, they can also miss their appointment for an injection. Episodically forgotten oral dosing is usually rapidly self-corrected and without consequence on treatment outcome or health, as evidenced by intermittent drug scheduling [89], which we do not endorse. How missed injections should be managed is still being worked out. Typically, injections have a 7-day recommended window for administration. In the future, we hope self-administration will help prevent or mitigate such misadventures. The current strategy to deal with missed timely injections is to provide ‘in-pocket’ oral antiretroviral drugs.
Self-efficacy and HIV testing among Latino emerging adults: examining the moderating effects of distress tolerance and sexual risk behaviors
Published in AIDS Care, 2020
Daisy Ramírez-Ortiz, Diana M. Sheehan, Gladys E. Ibañez, Boubakari Ibrahimou, Mario De La Rosa, Miguel Ángel Cano
Latino emerging adults aged 18–24 in the United States (U.S.) are disproportionately impacted by the HIV epidemic. Latinos accounted for 23.3% of all new HIV diagnoses among emerging adults and had the second highest rate of new HIV diagnoses after non-Latino Blacks in 2016 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2018a). In addition, young Latinos in the U.S. are more likely to engage in unprotected sex compared to non-Latino Blacks (Copen, 2017). Despite this elevated HIV risk, both female and male Latino emerging adults have a low prevalence of HIV testing relative to non-Latino Black emerging adults (Latino males: 26.8%, Latino females: 46.5%; non-Latino Black males: 45.3%, non-Latino Black females: 59.9%) (Van Handel et al., 2016). This is concerning as Latinos and young people under the age of 24 are the groups most likely to be unaware of their HIV status (16.5% and 44% respectively) (CDC, 2018b, 2019b). In addition, Latinos are more likely to be diagnosed with AIDS within one year of an HIV diagnosis when compared to non-Latino Blacks and Whites (CDC, 2009). Therefore, increasing HIV testing among Latino emerging adults is important to increase the number of people aware of their HIV status, and to link this group to treatment promptly. Early treatment with antiretroviral drugs is critical as it significantly decreases the risk of HIV transmission, reduces HIV-related morbidity, and improves survival (Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration, 2017; Rodger et al., 2019).
A literature review of the patent application publications on cabotegravir – an HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitor
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2020
At this time, the cure for HIV/AIDS does not yet exist and therefore, the main purpose of antiretroviral drugs is to control progression of the illness through long-term inhibition of HIV replication [2]. The life quality and life expectancy of HIV-infected patients has been drastically improved by the arrival of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Currently, more than 30 antiretroviral drugs from seven mechanistic classes and multiple effective first-line treatments for HIV-1 treatment are known [3]. Current combined antiretroviral treatments (cART) are very potent and well tolerated [4], therefore having exceptional rates of virologic suppression. However, in order to maintain suppression of the virus, as well as to avoid emergence of the drug resistance and to reduce the risk of HIV transmission, strict adherence to daily antiretroviral therapy is crucial [5]. Complete elimination of HIV is currently not possible; medications must be taken permanently to maintain the virus under suppression. In this aspect, different approaches to antiretroviral treatment in the near future are needed to improve patient compliance and to reduce risk of the drug resistance emergence.