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Radiation Carcinogenesis: Tissue Culture Model
Published in Kedar N. Prasad, Handbook of RADIOBIOLOGY, 2020
Protease inhibitors dramatically suppress the radiation-induced transformation of cells in culture.10 A protease inhibitor, such as antipain, by itself does not induce transformations; however, these inhibitors markedly reduce the frequency of transformation. They completely reduce the transformation induced by 400 rads + TPA. A soybean trypsin inhibitor has produced similar results (Figure 17.5).19 Other protease inhibitors from the potato also reduced the radiation-induced transformation frequency by a factor of 2- to 3-fold.20
The Isolated Hepatocyte and Isolated Perfused Liver as Models for Studying Drug- and Chemical-Induced Hepatotoxicity
Published in Robert G. Meeks, Steadman D. Harrison, Richard J. Bull, Hepatotoxicology, 2020
David J. Sweeny, Robert B. Diasio
The increase in cytosolic free Ca2+ produced by these hepatotoxins (e.g., cystamine) results in the stimulation of a number of cellular phospholipases and proteases. The increase in phospholipase activity could be prevented by the preincubation of isolated hepatocytes with chlorlpromazine or dibucaine (Nicotera et al., 1986). However, while these compounds inhibited the increase in phospholipase activity they were unable to prevent the loss of cell viability. On the other hand, the preincubation of isolated hepatocytes with the inhibitors of Ca2+ activated proteases (antipain and leupeptin) prevented the increase in protease activity as well as the loss of cell viability. These findings may suggest that the activation of proteases by the sustained increase in cytosolic free Ca2+ may lead to the loss of viability as a result of the increased catabolism of proteins that are critical in maintaining the cytoskeletal structure of the hepatocyte (Nicotera et al., 1986).
Nerve Growth Factor and Its Receptor System in Rheumatologic Diseases and Pain Management
Published in Siba P. Raychaudhuri, Smriti K. Raychaudhuri, Debasis Bagchi, Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis, 2017
Smriti K. Raychaudhuri, Siba P. Raychaudhuri
These in vivo and in vitro studies have provided a clear direction for anti-NGF therapy not only for psoriatic disease but also for chronic pain, OA, and other types of autoimmune arthritis. For autoimmune arthritis, it will serve a dual effect as both an antipain and a disease-modifying anti-inflammatory agent. These results have encouraged the development of human monoclonal anti-NGF/anti-TrkA antibodies, and impressive preliminary results have been reported in OA patients.
Proteases, protease inhibitors and radiation carcinogenesis
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
(8) Certain types of specific proteases/proteolytic activities are thought to be involved in the cancer preventive activities of the APIs (Long et al. 1981; Billings et al. 1987, 1988, 1990; Carew and Kennedy 1990; Billings et al. 1991; Kennedy 1994; Kennedy and Manzone 1995; Manzone et al. 1995; Ware et al. 1997; Kennedy 1998c; Wan et al. 1999). The major proteolytic activities thought to be affected by the APIs are the Boc-Val-Pro-Arg-MCA- hydrolyzing activity (Billings et al. 1987) and the succinyl-ALA-ALA-Pro-PHE-7-AMINO-4-methylcoumarin-hydrolyzing activity (Carew and Kennedy 1990), both of which were identified by substrate hydrolysis (Kennedy 1993a); in addition, affinity chromatography was used for the identification of a M, 44,000 protease (Billings et al. 1988; 1991; Kennedy 1998c). It is noteworthy that BBI (and another API, antipain) can not only affect the catalytic activity of certain proteases, but can also regulate protease gene expression. As one example, both BBI and antipain do not affect the catalytic activity of the protease known as plasminogen activator, but they can affect plasminogen activator gene expression (Long et al. 1981 and Kennedy 1998c).
Reexamining the role of tissue inflammation in radiation carcinogenesis: a hypothesis to explain an earlier onset of cancer
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Because the somatic mutation theory has serious difficulties in explaining the mouse survival data, the stromal theory of radiation carcinogenesis is attractive and provides a path to try to explain experimental and epidemiologic observations. In this context, it is interesting to note that when 10T1/2 cells were treated with the protease inhibitor antipain for 10 days after an irradiation, the cells lost their sensitivity to post-irradiation treatments with the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA); that is, the cells reverted to a normal stable condition which existed before an irradiation (Kennedy 1985). This suggests that radiation-induced unstable conditions (e.g., an increased sensitivity to TPA) may only be temporary and can be suppressed by antipain.
Quercetin Triggers Induction of Apoptotic and Lysosomal Death of Sensitive and Multidrug Resistant Leukaemia HL60 Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Agnieszka Maruszewska, Jolanta Tarasiuk
The evaluation of the involvement of cathepsins in cell death was performed with the use of cathepsin inhibitors, namely antipain (inhibitor of cathepsins A, B, and D) and CA-074Me (specific inhibitor of cathepsin B). The cells (105/mL) were incubated at 37 °C up to 72 h with Q alone used at IC50 or with Q used at IC50 in combination with antipain (1, 10, and 100 μM) or CA-074Me (1, 10, and 100 μM), respectively. At indicated incubation time points (0, 24 h, and 72 h) cells were collected (5 × 105 per sample) by centrifugation (300 × g, 5 min, 4 °C), washed twice with cold PBS and fixed in 70% ice-cold ethanol at −20 °C. The obtained cell pellet was suspended in 0.5 mL of PBS and fixed in 3 mL of ice-cold 70% ethanol at −20 °C. The samples contained fixed cells were centrifuged (300 × g, 5 min, 4 °C), the pellet was rehydrated in PBS and then centrifuged again. Thereafter, the cells were incubated with 0.2 mL of PBS containing PI (20 µg/mL) and RNase A (100 µg/mL) in the dark for 0.5 h at room temperature. Samples were analyzed by flow cytometry (FACScan; Becton Dickinson). The red fluorescence (FL-2) of 104 events was recorded using a laser beam at 585 ± 21 nm (λex = 488 nm) to measure the DNA content. The percentage of cells with sub-diploid DNA (sub-G1 fraction) was calculated using the BD CellQuest Pro (Becton Dickinson) as well as FSC Express, version 4.0 (DeNovo) software.